Theodore Roosevelt s The Progressive Era Essay - 1543 Words

Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency marked the beginning of a very liberal period in American history. This new ‘Progressive Era’ was mobilized largely by the middle class as an attempt to put an end to the problems created by the period of excess that was the Gilded Age. Believing that big business was ruining democracy, and assuming a moral obligation to shield the poor and downtrodden from corrupt capitalists, the Progressives commenced an era of sweeping reforms. From the outset, the Progressive movement targeted domestic issues such as political machines, monopolies, and factory regulations. While President Roosevelt—the face of the Progressive movement—frequently became entangled in global affairs during his time in the Whitehouse, the focus of Progressives during this stage remained primarily on domestic concerns. It was not until after Roosevelt’s presidency that the Progressives followed their patron’s lead, becoming active partici pants in foreign affairs. Theodore Roosevelt’s exit from the spotlight and subsequent return to politics in 1912 caused the Progressives to split from the Republican Party, and when war broke out in Europe in 1914, Progressives were then divided amongst themselves regarding how the Great War should be handled from afar. As foreign policy issues became a larger concern than domestic issues, the Progressives shifted their attention away from home and toward foreign policy. As his second term concluded, Theodore Roosevelt handpicked WilliamShow MoreRelatedProgressivism : A Great Number Of Urban Middle Class1722 Words   |  7 PagesPrasertsup (Nine) History Research 420 Word Count: Progressivism in the Roosevelt Corollary From 1900 to about 1920, a great number of urban middle class people began to consider problems created by urbanization, class conflict, immigration, corruption, etc. This broad movement had large effects on American politics and the name of this time, known as the Progressive Era. Not only did the progressive movement happen in the era, Latin American economic crises also occurred. Venezuela was one of thoseRead MoreThe Gilded Age : An Era Of Extreme Corruption1169 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the 1890’s. Then the next era would be the Progressive Era beginning from where the Gilded Age left off till around 1920. Though these eras are accepted in the historical community, some historians argue that it is useless to label these two as separate eras in American history. One historian is Rebecca Edwards in her article Politics, Social Movement, and the Periodization of U.S. History. She argues that the Gilded Age and the Progressive should be known as one Long Progressive Era, a nd I agreeRead MoreThe Age Of Uncertainty Between 1890 And 1920 s A New Movement Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesemergence of Populists, Progressives and Radicals came a vast difference between what was thought as American. All groups claimed to be trying to make the US a better place however each differed vastly in their ideas of going about it. During the age of uncertainty between 1890 and the 1920’s a new movement called the Progressives emerged in parts of the Unites States. They emerged as part of a long tradition of reform aimed at correcting the issues of the country. Progressives ranged across the socialRead MoreRoosevelt, Taft, and Wilson: Progressive Presidents1675 Words   |  7 Pagescountry and the Progressive Era, more than a decade. The presidents of this time, Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson, were like chefs developing a recipe for the betterment of the United States. Every act that was passed, each decision that was made, was a trial or taste-test of the constantly changing recipe for the country. If something angered citizens or drew criticism, the president went back to his office, his kitchen, and was ready to make more changes. Where he left off in the progressive recipe, theRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And The Progressive Era1392 Words   |  6 PagesBefore 1967, the Twenty-Fifth Amendment was not enacted, so when the Vice President of William McKinley died in November 1899 Theodore Roosevelt won the nomination unanimously. Little did Theodore know that this was the beginning of his rise to the presidency. He campaigned vigorously for McKinley which eventually lead to their landslide victory in 1900. Roosevelt spent six uneventful months as Vice President, as his most notable action was thrilling his supporters with words â€Å"Speak softly and carryRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Era1250 Words   |  5 Pages Progressive Presidents In the period of time following the Reconstruction Era the Progressive era came about, presented with abundant opportunity but also hindered by significant economic, political, and social issues. America was pining for a leader who could provide solutions to all of these issues, caused by rapid industrialization. In 1901, Theodore Roosevelt emerged as a leader for the progressivism movement, which focused on reforming the major issues that society faced at that time suchRead MoreDbq 2003 Form B Apush Essay658 Words   |  3 PagesThe Progressive Era was a thirty year period in which the United States was completely reformed. Actions were taken to improve working conditions for laborers, create a sexually unbiased work system and regulate the economy. President Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson both helped create a more direct democracy in which the people would have a voice. During those thirty years, amendments 16 to 19 were ratified to regulate and reform the country. Muckrake rs were writers who worked for the printingRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of Social And Political Reform1177 Words   |  5 Pagessocial and political reform took place in the United States known as the Progressive Era. â€Å"The era saw the expansion of political and economic freedom through the reinvigoration of the moment for woman suffrage, the use of political power to expand workers rights’ and efforts to improve democratic government by weakening the power of the city bosses and giving ordinary citizens more influence on legislation.† The progressive reformers from this time gained a majority of their support from the educationRead MoreThe Liberal Era Of The Progressive Era1220 Words   |  5 PagesA great democracy has got to be progressive or it will soon cease to be great or a democracy. ( ). The Progressive Era consisted of reformers demanding the government to clean up society. Entering office in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt was an individual in the republic an Party, but as the country began to spin out of control Roosevelt joined the new Progressive Party and saved the country from a disastrous ending (685). Reformers set out to cleanse the country go its wrong doings. The progressivismRead MoreThe Election of 1912 Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, Americans faced the challenge of choosing between four strong candidates of the election of 1912. Each candidate held concrete platforms that would have different effects on progressivism. Americans could chose the conservative presidential incumbent William Howard Taft(R), the New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson (D), the long-time fighter for social reform-Eugene V. Debs (S), or the former president Theodore Roosevelt of the newly formed Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)

Creative Critical Response - 705 Words

CREATIVE CRITICAL RESPONSE Name : Charmayne Text : Hamlet (2009) directed by Gregory Doran, starring David Tennant Context : The following CCR is written in the form of a blog made ten years after the production of the movie Hamlet from the Royal Shakespeare Company. It is written from the perspective of Gregory Doran’s daughter who is eighteen years old and studies English Literature in school. She stumbled upon one of her father’s works one day, which is Hamlet. She shared this information with her lecturer and her lecturer asked her to make a review of the movie on the blog to encourage her friends to take up Shakespeare. The readers of her blog are others of her age range and most of her classmates so this is an efficient method†¦show more content†¦I think my dad made a very fitting choice by choosing that attire. Some said that my father directed the movie in a way that made it accessible to the younger generation,[2] probably because it removes the Shakespearean stereotype of medieval clothing such as the doublet. Also, the delivery of Hamlet was comical which appeal s to the younger generation because it gives relief from Shakespearean solemnity. My father did an exemplary job in extracting an authentic yet profoundly discerning performance from his actors. David Tennant, known to many as â€Å"Doctor Who,† gives us a Hamlet who is brashly mad but penetrates our hearts with sorrow for his tragedy although some argue that his ludicrousness makes his acting less genuine.[3] Patrick Stewart, on the other hand, gives a stellar performance as King Claudius, making him shrewdly righteous and steadfast, allowing room for King Claudius to scrupulously execute his malignancy. One outstanding aspect of this movie is the use of mirrors and reflections which proves a challenge for my dad because there’s a risk of accidently filming the crew but he prevailed in the end, giving more brooding atmospheres during soliloquys. It also acts as a symbol of reflection of characters’ true nature. There’s a part where the mirror in QueenSho w MoreRelatedTok Essay: Critical and Creative Thinking1599 Words   |  7 PagesWilde Theory of Knowledge 3 May 2012 TOK Essay Response: Critical and Creative Thinking Since the dawn of humanity, man has sought to gain further insight on life through attaining knowledge. Knowledge can be defined as any information gained through personal experience. The means of obtaining knowledge include four main branches: reason, perception, language, and emotion. Despite the means, all knowledge is formulated through the process of thinking. Thinking refers to the use of the mindRead MoreGlg 101 Week 1 Review Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pages|Prepare a response to each of the following questions primarily from the text. Provide an explanation in your | | |responses. Do not copy and paste your answers. If you use outside sources, include a reference. | | | | | |Ch. 1: Critical and CreativeRead MoreThe Problem And It s Background Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesour higher education experiences, we also often use some basic strategies and knowledge in applying solutions in every problem. As an educator, we must be flexible and proactive in making decisions especially to those students that needs immediate response in their problem. Decision making, ranging from deciding whether you’re going to exert effort in doing your work or simply to finish your work and submit it on the time given. Good decision making is one of the factors that we teachers must attainRead MoreEssay on Mathematics and Art 1574 Words   |  7 Pagesinteraction between critical and creative thinking. Whether considering mathematics or art, creative thinking evaluates a new or original idea containing some degree of value. Critical thinking examines assumptions and challenges a current belief or theory that has previously assumed to be true. Although general assumptions and creativity may be considered separately when considering extreme examples of concrete ideas and abstract ideas, the interplay of critical and creative thinking is one methodRead MorePhl 320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business Complete Class996 Words   |  4 PagesPHL 320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business Complete Class https://homeworklance.com/downloads/phl-320-critical-thinking-decision-making-business-complete-class/ PHL 320 Week 1 Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary Participate in a class discussion by responding to the following questions: †¢ How would you define critical thinking? What makes a person a critical thinker? †¢ Why is critical thinking important? Provide an example of how critical thinking has helped you inRead MoreCritical Thinking1125 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Thinking Article Review Over the last thirty years, the health care system has incurred dramatic changes, resulting in new advances in technology and medical theories. Greater demand for quality care by consumers, more knowledgeable patients, remarkable disease processes, shorter hospitalizations, and the continuing pressure to lower health care costs are all contributing factors in the necessary changes to the nursing practice. In order for nurses to deliver optimum care, they must developRead MoreHrm 533 Total Rewards1633 Words   |  7 Pagescan improve the overall competitive compensation strategy of the organization. A competitive organization understands the need for a skilled and loyal workforce. In order to attract and retain top talent, many organizations offer innovative and creative employee benefit packages. It enhances an attractive salary and creates a niche for the employer. An organization that is aware of the dynamics of its workforce will be in step with the innovations in employee benefits. Technology, global workforcesRead MoreLearning Increase Future Employability Of Students753 Words   |  4 Pageschanging and educational institutions should consider how to adapt quickly in response. Some changes might include placing additional emphasis on developing skills such as critical thinking, analysis capabilities, integrating new-media literacy and the ability to collaborate and work in groups. This essay will briefly discuss how some skills being taught in inquiry based learning increase future employability of students. Critical Thinking Inquiry is a reaching stance of going beyond information andRead MoreIntegration Of Arts And The Arts798 Words   |  4 Pages The incorporation of music, movement, and the arts is critical to a young child’s learning, growth and development. Each of these creative arts allow children to make meaningful connections and retain the information being taught in the classroom. It also allows for children to focus more in the classroom and it improve their behavior as well. Multiple intelligences also play a role in music, movement, and the arts. By using these creative arts in the classroom, educators are able to adapt to children’sRead MoreExploratory Qualitative Research Paper1370 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent types of effective strategies for helping clients in reduction of anger. Some suggestions helping clients with reduction to anger are offered in the Qualitative Article titled Ten Creative Counseling Techniques for Helping Clients Deal with Anger Christine J. Sch immel and Ed Jacobs (2011) who mention how creative strategies may be helpful. Such strategies are cutting string to various lengths with short to long lengths, and an explanation of how a long string and short string could be the length

Assessment Of Risks In Offshore Outsourcing â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Advantages Of Outsourcing The Business Function? What Are The Disadvantages Of Outsourcing The Business Function? What Are The Roles Of Outsourcing The Business Function? Answers: Introduction In the global business scenario, the organization faces stiff competition and organizations make effort in all possible strategy to make their business stay lucrative and appropriate. Further, cost control is an essential aspect on the different manner to keep company incline, mean and well-built in their mission for accomplishing the specified goals and objectives. In addition, many initiatives have begun by the company to keep control on cost. In this way, outsourcing is a key phenomenon that is used by recent companies to control the cost. This way has increased their popularity in the existing business decades (Cavusgil, et. al., 2014). Outsourcing started as an organization when big American corporation has decided to get their ordinary job function from the third-party organization and other organization. Project Objectives The main of this project is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. There are certain objectives which will be used by researchers to meet the main aim of this project. It is as follows: To analyze the advantage of outsourcing business functions To evaluate the disadvantages of outsourcing business functions Project Scope Outsourcing is a business practice in which a job function, any form of work, and activity is delegated to another person and organization. It is begun to stay away from everyday job function but it has developed into a giant industry by itself. Outsourcing has seen as a business function apart from being an industry sector as it makes sense in given business scenario. For instance, a corporation may want to produce and sell specified products. But, it is not required that the same company produce the products in its residence nation in which cost of production can be very high as compared to producing in another nation (Schniederjans, et. al., 2015).This function also comes under the sort of outsourcing. Literature Review According to Petkov and Petkov (2017), outsourcing is a business practice which provides the benefits to the organization because it aids to give more emphasizes on their core capabilities as compared to wasting time, money and effort on everyday business activity yet it focuses on core task activities. There are large numbers of companies which engage in outsourcing as an activity because it helps them to save on the cost to a great extent. In favored to this, Abreu and Faoro (2017) demonstrated that customer care was not a central part of business function for these companies. Therefore, these companies outsourced this function from other corporations as the cost for the same business function can be less than half while this function was operated in Australia with Australian employees. Outsourcing has an impact on the different segments of the industry due to a distinct chain reaction. Therefore, the prime reason of starting outsourcing as the business function can save the cost. But, afterward, many reasons were recognized and more practices of companies were initiated to outsource. In the view of, Ketler and Walstrom (1993), cost saving is used as the primary benefit of outsourcing. It also provides different benefits. Further, management is making effort to emphasize on their prime competencies and other practices. As well as, routine job function are outsourced to other specialist companies who will do the job role as per the management. Moreover, Easy and necessary activities like building maintenance, factory maintenance, housekeeping and janitorial services cannot be core competencies of the certain company. Therefore it is outsourced from other vendors who can maintain these core capabilities. There can be a set of people who are outsourced for a core function and they can spend more time as well as efforts to maintain the resources. In the view of Abreu and Faoro (2017), outsourcing can be a prospect uncertainty that an organization exposes them. In opposition to this, it is definite that risk management proposals are commenced during outsourcing the function of the business. Along with this, there is always the risk of losing crucial information. It can be hazardous for business function when it exists in the financial sector then there could be the possibility of occurring substantial loss. Along with this, there is the possibility of losing critical information due to outsourcing. The same issue may exist while the operating function is outsourced. In this way, data is shared with the third organization as it can fall into wrong hands and can be distorted. As a result, it creates a different issue for the organization. Moreover, the company should make standard regarding operation process and it may imply to that vendor which undertaking the outsourcing (Dav, 2017). However, there is a possibility that busine ss function can deviate and a small amount of alteration can ruin the entire operation. Moreover, in this research, the gap is analyzed in the literature review. It can be evaluated that there is no depth analysis of outsourcing the business function. Further, secondary data is not sufficient to analyze the advantage and disadvantage of outsourcing the business function. Moreover, there is need to provide the benefits of outsourcing the business function with the perspectives of stakeholders. Research Design and Methodology The research design is effective to provide the relevant instruction to collect the information and evaluates the findings regarding research issue. There are certain types of research design that can be implemented by the researcher. These are qualitative and quantitative research design (Mackey and Gass, 2015). Qualitative research The researcher will use the following process for this research because it is significant to get the qualitative data in an appropriate manner (Glesne, 2015). Initially, a researcher will create the questionnaire of research in which question will be related to research issue. After that, it will choose the suitable subject and sites that will be appropriate to the topic. Afterward, a researcher will create the theoretical and conceptual outline to conduct the research and review the findings. These processes will be exercised by a researcher to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing the business function in Telstra telecommunication company, Australia (Brinkmann, 2014). Approaches to reliability and Validity The inductive approach will be exercised by the researcher for conducting this research because research topic is based on qualitative nature. The researcher will use this approach as it will enable them to generate more theories and concepts associated with research issue. As a result, this research approach will be appropriate to gain reliability and validity in findings of research. In opposed to this, a researcher will not use deductive approach due to no need to make a hypothesis (Flick, 2015). Sampling and Sample Size Sampling is a process of choosing the participants from targeted people to collect required data to meet the objectives of the research. Further, a research will use non-probability sampling method because research topic is based on qualitative nature. But, this sampling does not offer the identical chances to each participant. Although, this sampling method is not costly yet, it will take more time to make an open-ended questionnaire for an interview. For obtaining the qualitative data through the interview, 10 operation managers will be selected from Telstra telecommunication, company (Silverman, 2016). In this interview, the researcher will take opinion and views about the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing the business function in Telstra, Australia. Data Collection Method The primary information is first-handed information which is gathered by a researcher to obtain the reliable and valid result. This information will be collected by a researcher through different sources named experiment, observation, questionnaire, and survey. Through this, a researcher will able to obtain the data with respect to research issue hence it will improve the research quality. In addition, a researcher will use survey through questionnaire as it enables them to collect the huge facts and figures from targeted people (Smith, 2015). As well as, it provides the appropriate information which aids to accomplish the goals and objectives of the research. Variables Specifications For conducting this research, a researcher will use different kinds of variables like an independent and dependent variable. Further, the independent variable is outsourcing and the dependent variable impacts on the business function of Telstra, Australia (Gast, and Ledford, 2014). A researcher will use below procedure to obtain the quantitative outcomes: The above chart depicts that a researcher will generate the theory and creates the hypothesis at the initial level. Subsequently, the researcher will develop the design of research and creates the different aspects with respect to research issue. After that, a researcher will choose the relevant sites and select the significant subject matters. Later, data will be collected by a researcher and determines it via using different techniques. In the last step, researchers will estimate the findings to reach out the conclusion (Neuman, and Robson, 2014). Research Instrument Research instrument is an analysis method that will be formulated by a researcher to collect the data regarding research matter. Secondary information will be used by a researcher by using different sources. These data are already published in different journals and websites. Moreover, these sources can be a journal article, academic publication, offline and online websites, annual report, government publication and companys websites (Blumberg, et. al., 2014).For this research, these sources will be used by a researcher as it takes less time and cost. A researcher will use the below quantitative data analysis procedure: As per the above flowchart, it is demonstrated that initially data will be formulated by a researcher that is to be determined and chose the suitable data. Subsequently, a researcher will gain the knowledge regarding frequencies, mean as well as recoding practices. After that, data will be analyzed by a researcher through different methods like statistics, and crosstabs. Moreover, researchers will use MS-excel software to demonstrate the data via different pie charts, tables, and graphs. Subsequently, a researcher will interpret and evaluate the findings and give suggestions. Consequently, it will enable the researcher to accomplish the research aims and objectives in particular time period (Tarone, et. al., 2013). Sampling and Sample Size For quantitative assessment, probability sampling method will be used by a researcher as it provides the equal chances to their participants to give their views and opinion. Consequently, it is effective to reduce unfairness from survey through a questionnaire (Tuohy, et. al., 2013). A researcher will select approximately 50 employees who deal with outsourcing business function in Telstra Telecommunication Company in Australia. It would be significant for the researcher to obtain the valid and reliable result with less time because researcher will use a close-ended questionnaire for this survey through a questionnaire. Reliability and Validity of Data Validity shows the extent at which feasibility of different concept is analyzed in quantitative-based research. For example, survey through questionnaire will implement by the researcher to assess the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions. Another technique is reliability that can be used by a researcher to analyze the superiority of quantitative based research. The researcher will use identical research instrument to analyze the reliability of survey through questionnaire will be used (Maley et. al., 2015).These data will provide quantitative based findings as it will enable the researcher to meet the research aim and objectives in an appropriate manner. Research Limitations A researcher may face different issue while completing the research. These issues are insufficient expenses, resources and cost restraint. It can exist in data gathering procedure of research. In addition, there are certain limitations that can suffer by a researcher when obtaining survey through questionnaire like researcher will focus on the structure of questionnaire, and size of the sample. Furthermore, researchers will have accountability to protect the confidentiality of respondents such as personal data (Tarone, et. al., 2013).These limitations can influence the validity and reliability of research outcome. Time schedule From the above research schedule, it can be evaluated that obtaining survey through questionnaire and gathering information via secondary sources will take more time than the other activities that will be performed in this research study. Conclusion From the above interpretation, it can be concluded that there are different benefits of outsourcing the business function. But, at the same time, it is analyzed that there are certain disadvantages of outsourcing the business function. It can be evaluated that both qualitative and quantitative research design will be used by research to meet the research objectives. In the last, it can be concluded that this research will take 10 week to meet the objectives. References Abreu, M. de and Faoro, R. (2017) Guidelines for outsourcing and innovation of adoption in it and its relationship with strategic risks: the case of an,' Revista. Blumberg, B. F., Cooper, D. R., and Schindler, P. S. (2014)Business research methods. UK: McGraw-hill education. Brinkmann, S. (2014) Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). New York: Springer. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., and Rose, E. L. (2014)International business. Australia: Pearson. Dav, S. (2017) CALL CENTER NARRATIVE,' The Routledge Companion to Asian American Media. Flick, U. (2015)Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. USA: Sage. Gast, D. L., and Ledford, J. R. (Eds.). (2014)Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. UK: Routledge. Glesne, C. (2015)Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. UK: Pearson. Ketler, K. and Walstrom, J. (1993) The outsourcing decision,' International Journal of information management. Mackey, A., and Gass, S. M. (2015)Second language research: Methodology and design. UK: Routledge. Maley, J. F., Kowalkowski, C., Brege, S., and Biggemann, S. (2015) Outsourcing maintenance in complex process industries: Managing firm capabilities in lock-in effect.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,27(5), pp. 801-825. Neuman, W. L., and Robson, K. (2014)Basics of social research. Canada: Pearson. Petkov, D. and Petkova, O. (2017) An Assessment of Risks in Offshore Outsourcing of Information Technology,' Journal of Information Systems Applied Research. Schniederjans, M. J., Schniederjans, A. M., and Schniederjans, D. G. (2015)Outsourcing and insourcing in an international context. UK: Routledge. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016)Qualitative research. USA: Sage. Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015)Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. USA: Sage. Tarone, E. E., Gass, S. M., and Cohen, A. D. (Eds.). (2013)Research methodology in second-language acquisition. UK: Routledge. Tuohy, D., Cooney, A., Dowling, M., Murphy, K., and Sixsmith, J. (2013) an overview of interpretive phenomenology as a research methodology,Nurse Researcher,20(6), pp.17-20.

Virgil At Odds Essay Example For Students

Virgil At Odds Essay While on the surface the Aeneid could be seen as a Roman epic meant to glorify Rome and rival those of the ancient Greeks, the author was engaged in a struggle. Virgil had to satisfy the cultural demands of his work, the political demands of his time, and his own personal demands as an artist. In tackling his problem, Virgil is revealed to be slightly reluctant of embracing fully the still young regime of Octavian but still proud of Rome and his ancestry, and concerned with the moral issues of civil war. When considering the style with which Virgil composed the Aeneid, it is important to look at the time in which he lived and exactly what was going on around him when it was written. Virgil was born in 70 BC and died in 19 BC. This places him in the very beginning of what was to be a long and relatively stable existence of the Roman Empire. Further, it was during the poets lifetime that Rome made citizens of all Italians, allowing a huge community to share in Romes growing heritage. People who formerly may have felt like outcasts under the oppression of Rome could now call Rome their own. We will write a custom essay on Virgil At Odds specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This included Virgil because he came from a provincial Italian town far outside Rome. W. A. Camps cites that while Virgil was still a young man, his familys estates were confiscated by Caesar to be given to veterans of the battle of Philippi 1. Caesar was eventually assassinated and the next twenty years of the poets life are shaded by bloody struggles for power among heirs and military leaders. Eventually Caesars adopted son Octavian defeats Marc Antony and Cleopatras forces and brings all Rome under his rule, in about 30 BC. This is important because Virgil had been fond of Octavian, although it is not known if he publicly supported anyone during the conflict. It is known that Virgil came to enjoy first the friendship then the patronage of Octavian and his minister Maecenas, both of whom bestowed a small fortune upon him Freeman 389. While Virgil accepted their patronage he was still wary of capitulating the new emperor and sacrificing any integrity. Charles Freeman writes that Virgils contemporary, Horace also reflects these feelings. Octavian, now known as Caesar Augustus, took a liking to Horace just as he did Virgil, endowing him with gifts and money. Eventually Augustus asked Horace to be his secretary, and Horace refused, citing the need to protect his integrity as a poet. 391 Virgil felt great gratitude towards an emperor who vigorously supported the arts and brought the Empire much stability but at the same time faced a moral dilemma. Augustus was looking for a poet to write a national epic about him and his rise to power. In a letter Augustus wrote to Maecenas he says, If I had any talent for the heroic epic, Id not waste my time on stories from mythology . . . Id write about Caesars wars and achievements qtd. in Quinn 27. This sheds light on the morality issue Virgil faced as an artist. There were plenty of epic poets available in Rome at the time, and plenty were approached with this daunting task of writing an epic with Augustus as the hero. Nearly all declined, and even Virgil was reluctant. That says something about the attitudes of the poets of his time. They were not interested in art for arts sake. They wanted to create of their own accord something that came from within. Kenneth Quinn points out that they wrote with very high standards of integrity, and wrote not for widespread popularity of their works but for approval of their literary peers 30. Poets were writing of their own personalities; their own views and ideas of right and wrong. They were not to be leased out for purposes of glorifying Romes leader. In a widely known of reply to Augustus letter inquiring as to Virgils progress, the poet writes that he thinks he may have been out of his mind to have undertaken the task in the first place Freeman 387. .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .postImageUrl , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:hover , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:visited , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:active { border:0!important; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:active , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greek and Roman Architecture essay exampleHe was obviously struggling to balance his need to satisfy himself artistically without sacrificing principle and simultaneously honor the emperor Augustus. As is obvious in the work, Virgil is unable to clearly conquer his moral problem, seeming to side-step it. He must focus on the historical epic, and glorify the emperor rather indirectly. This is exemplified in a Book II passage mentioning Iulius, son of Aeneas and source of the Julius Caesar lineage. A point on Iulius head seemed to cast light, a tongue of flame that touched but did not burn him, licking his fine hair, playing round his temples. 60-862 Virgil symbolically prop hesizes the greatness to come of his posterity. Again in Book IV the poet sings of the glory to come to Iulius and his heirs, as well as Rome. The god Mercury speaks to Aeneas, Think of the expectations of your heir, Iulius, to whom the Italian realm, the Land of Rome, are due 356-357. Aeneas is reminded of the glory of the future that is Rome and the role that his son would play. The poet, as earlier mentioned, was not a native of Rome. He first alludes to the Italian realm then to Rome herself, reflecting that newfound feeling of unity and nationality among Italians. In preparation for the war with Turnus, a magic shield brought to Aeneas by Venus depicts the future glories of Rome. Among the numerous drawings is one showing the victory at Actium. Augustus is leading the charge with flames flowing from his brow. Virgil then tells of Agrippa and Antonius being honored on the shield . Apart from reference to a flaming brow, they are honored in just the same fashion as Augustus Book VIII 90-106. Augustus is not alone in being accredited for the victory at Actium. The poet is careful to place his emperor above the other two naval leaders but not so far as to cheapen the contributions of Antonius and Agrippa, or give solely credit to Augustus. Virgil tends to be oblique in his reverence to Augustus, but it is rather unrealistic to expect the poet to have written such a work and completely leave out direct homage to the man bringing peace to the empire not to mention supporting the poet quite generously. Aeneas is before his father in the underworld when a clear prophecy honoring Augustus is relayed to him. Anchises declares this is the man, this one, Of whom so often you have heard the promise, Caesar Augustus, son of the deified, Who shall bring once again an Age of Gold To Latium 665-669. Virgil is symbolically honoring the Julio-Claudian line as it was called, or the descendants of Iulius. In acknowledging Augustus to be progeny of Aeneas, Virgil is again able to extol the emperor while skirting unashamed eminence. As was a budding tradition at the time, the emperors of post-Republic Rome were to be deified and worshipped as a god. Virgil stops short of this, but tells of a link in ancestry to the son of a God. The poet then prompts Anchises to sing more praise of Augustus, perhaps to overshadow the neglect to deify Augustus straightly. The truth is, even Alcides2 Never traversed so much of the earth. 679-680. He does not blatantly model his hero after the emperor however, and leaves nothing in the writing acknowledging this, it must be inferred. This takes the weight of his moral problem off of the authors shoulders and places the problem of solving it onto those of the reader. In grappling with the issue of civil war, Virgil is able to symbolize the dilemma of the victor. A fine description of just how symbolism is brought has Quinn quoting R. D. Williams. Symbolism is the poets way of suggesting different levels of significance at which his words may be taken, while allegory is the cruder method of equating. 55 Everyone in Rome knew or at least expected the Aeneid to glorify Augustus, but Virgil will simply not come out and say it. Both Augustus and Aeneas were not fighting hated enemies; they were fighting other Italians. .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .postImageUrl , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:hover , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:visited , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:active { border:0!important; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:active , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Roman Architectures Are Considered One of the Best EssayBoth their causes were seen as just, hence the ends justify the means. This is a sensible route to take when trying to defend civil war. Virgil fulfills the expectation to produce a patriotic work, and ennobles Augustus and his victory at Actium, but provides a subtle and humane comment on the price paid, the fact that civil war was needed to attain stability, and the blood spilled was that of their own. He will not clean the hands of the victors, despite his support of their cause Highet 61. Marc Antony was not a hated man. He was the emperor of the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire. He lost popularity by allying himself with Cleopatra it is true but nonetheless he had legions of supporters. That brought a need for Virgil to show Augustus as a unifier, not so much for Augustus sake, but for the populace of the Empire. The poet sought to soften some of the bitterness of the conflict. By having Aeneas leave Dido despite the fact that he loves her, Virgil displays honor to duty above all, a classic element of Stoicismthe reigning philosophy of the Roman Republic/Empire. Perhaps he is likening the hero to Julius Caesar, who left Cleopatra when Rome called. That likeness at the same time leads us to frown upon Marc Antony and his failure to abandon the Egyptian queen. However, Dido is greatly pitied and is not painted as an enemy in the story. The hero encounters the slain queen in the Underworld and speaks to her I swear by heavens stars, by the high gods, By any certainty below the earth, I left your land against my will, my queen. The gods commands drove me to do their will.. Book VI 242-244. This loose attribution to the civil war just won by Augustus neatly places the sentiments of Romans to the plight of Marc Antony and his supporters. It likewise shows Virgils reluctance to chastise them as the enemy. The poet will not precisely identify Aeneas with any one man. As far as the heros exploits, refer to his manipulation of symbolism and see that he refuses to simply re-tell reality with the names changed. Virgils whole strategy was basically to leave inference to the reader, and never let any social pressures present at the time rear their heads in his work. His use of symbolism for the most part distorts any hope of a crystal-clear parallel. This stylizing of a lack of clarity could have roots in the poets past personal experiences with an Emperor. It was Caesar, after all, who appropriated the lavish villa of Virgils family many years before. This event undoubtedly instilled a sense of uncertainty in the poet concerning the autocrat. Virgil did not, however, bear any malice either. Be it out of his own Stoic influence or admiration for Augustus the man. Those background circumstances aside, the Aeneid is nothing short of an epic drenched in Roman and Italian pride. Rome saw itself as the light in a dark world. It was held that their civilization was the greatest since Athens in its heyday, and the poets conformed. The Iliad and Odyssey are oral tales that were handed down, arguably more the creation of legend than that of Homer. They could be deemed products of an entire society. The Aeneid was contrarily a singular voice, of one man alone. It was the product of an individual; free in a relative sense of the word. It lacked social constraints but still respected the ideals behind those very constraints.

puritanism and Romantism essays

puritanism and Romantism essays Puritan moral teachings in American Romanticism Abstract: Under the influence of American Puritanism, American Romanticism favors Christian moral teachings. Puritan notions as self-restraint, sin and salvation weigh greatly and serve as Romantic authors ¡Ã‚ ¯ moral measurement. Taken as a specific example, American leading Romantic Nathaniel Hawthorn can illustrate this impact explicitly. Special emphasis will be put on his novel the Scarlet Letter. A brief biographical introduction about the author can help to know where his Puritan thinking pattern comes from. In his masterpiece the Scarlet Letter, Hawthorn shows his belief in original sin and redeem through professions and painful life, which is obviously from Puritan sources. Other works are also to be mentioned in a combined effort with former text to strengthen the central ideal. Keywords: Puritanism, Romanticism, moral teachings, self, sin, salvation, Nathaniel Hawthorn, the Scarlet Letter 1.1. Source and characteristics of American Romanticism. Early in the nineteenth century, the attitudes of America ¡Ã‚ ¯s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe. A new American Romantic was pluralistic; yet it frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man ¡Ã‚ ¯s societies a source of corruption. (ÃŽÃŽÂ °ÃƒË†ÃƒÅ 199054) 1.2. American Puritanism moral teachings that have influenced American Romanticism. Puritan doctrine taught that all men are totally depraved and require constant self-examination to see that they are sinners and unworthy of God's Grace. Because man had broken the Covenant of Works when Adam had eaten from the Tree of Knowledge, God offered a new covenant to Abraham's people who held that election to Heave...

List of Free Online Public Schools for Oregon Students

List of Free Online Public Schools for Oregon Students Oregon offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. Below is a list of no-cost online schools currently serving elementary and high school students in Oregon. In order to qualify for inclusion on the list, schools must meet the following qualifications: classes are available completely online, they must offer services to state residents, and they have to be funded by the government. Insight School of Oregon- Painted Hills Students pay no tuition to attend Insight School of Oregon- Painted Hills, which bills itself as Oregon’s first online charter school for college and technical career-minded students. However, you will have to spring for school supplies like printer ink and paper, which the school does not provide. The school says its mission is: ... to build an online Career and Technical Education school that equips students with essential academic and technical skills, enabling them to pursue post-secondary education, achieve occupational certifications, or directly enter the work force. By providing Oregon businesses with educated, skilled students who are ready for employment, we aim to benefit individuals, families, industries, and the economy throughout our state.​ Insight School features: An individualized learning plan for each studentK12s winning, online academic curriculumHands-on materials, books, and a school computer on loanHighly qualified, Oregon-certified teachersAn advanced learner programWorld languagesStudent clubs, social events, and access to extracurricular activities and sports in participating school districtsA high school diploma for graduates who meet all state requirements Oregon Virtual Academy Oregon Virtual Academy (OVA) also uses an online K12 curriculum. (K12 is a national online program that offers virtual  schooling and curriculum in a variety of areas.) In general, the schools K-12 program includes: Core courses that are similar to the standard courses offered by many other programs. They meet all academic requirements for each course area both for graduation as well as for potential admission into a wide range of colleges.Comprehensive courses that are designed for students entering with strong foundational knowledge and aptitude in the subject area being covered, as well as solid study skills. OVA offers an online  K-6 curriculum  and an  online  Secondary School Curriculum  (7–12). The school is also completely tuition-free for Oregon public school students. Assessments are administered to ensure that each child will be matched to his or her level of proficiency, notes  Dr. Debbie Chrisop, the schools interim chief. The secondary school program is paced and requires class attendance. It is also accredited by NWAC, a division of AdvancEd. Oregon Connections Academy Connections Academy is a national online program used by school districts and states nationwide. In Oregon, this virtual program which was established in 2005 offers: A challenging K–12 curriculum developed by education expertsInstruction from state-certified teachers experienced in online instructionSupport from trained counselors, principals, and administrative staffFree textbooks and curriculum materials needed to participate in a dynamic online learning environmentComputers for families with students in grades K–8 In describing its success in virtual education over the years, the school notes: Some wonder whether a nontraditional school program like Oregon Connections Academy (ORCA) can truly provide a quality education. Thousands of personal success stories from ORCA graduates and parents prove that this form of nontraditional schooling provides a quality education for students of all ages. Still, as with the previously mentioned online school programs, parents and students will need to pay for all school supplies as well as field trips. Choosing an Online School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is  regionally accredited  and has a track record of success. Choosing an  online high school  or elementary school can be tricky. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny.   In general, many states now offer tuition-free online schools for resident students under a certain age (often 21). Most virtual schools are charter schools; they receive government funding and are run by a private organization. Online charter schools are subject to fewer restrictions than traditional schools. However, they are reviewed regularly and must continue to meet state standards.

The Role of the Colonies in the British Mercantilist System Essay - 1

The Role of the Colonies in the British Mercantilist System - Essay Example With King James II, British colonies turned into a source of profit and power for the British Empire. King James II attempted to create a centrally managed Atlantic Empire (Henretta & Brody 93). Though the Glorious Revolution weakened royal grip on power, King James II put forth the foundations of mercantilism, such as the need to expand economically in order to be a glorious empire. British colonies thus served to improve British economic status among other monarchies and independent states and towns in Europe. Mercantilism was a policy promoting self sufficiency among countries of the day (Nettels 105). According to Nettels, â€Å"[t]he policy aimed to gain for the nation a high degree of security or self-sufficiency, especially as regards food supply, raw materials needed for essential industries, and the sinews of war† (105). With this goal in mind, the British aristocracy pursued colonies which could produce sugar, tobacco and other food products. In exchange, they were r equired to buy English manufactured goods, or use the English merchants as intermediaries (Henretta & Brody 69). This practice was prescribed by the Staple Act of 1663, according to which colonial planters bought most of the needed manufactured goods from England (Nettels 109). England prohibited trade with other European countries, as it could not impose favorable terms of trade (Nettels 105). English government designed laws that would keep colonies dependent upon English economy (108).  

Management Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Management Communication - Essay Example I believe in this case, the best way to rejuvenate the team is through team building. This will help the team identify their strengths and weaknesses both as a group and as individuals and learn how to overcome the weaknesses while maximizing on their strengths. Following this option will help the team become even more functional and efficient than it was before. C) Set up a white board and write down each issue that is raised. After you have compiled a list over a week or so, add a problem solving segment to each meeting, in which you and the team tackle each issue per meeting to determine the scope of each problems and identify possible solutions. This option is the best in my opinion because it will help accommodate everyone’s views and will also enable us to solve problems in a harmonious way. By creating a segment for problem solving, we shall be able to conduct our meetings with a lot of order and manage to handle emerging issues amicably as well. I would fall for this candidate because I believe she posses the qualities that would make her be a top paralegal, her dress code notwithstanding. The work of a paralegal involves a lot of social interactions, offering assistance and dealing appropriately with clients and other employees. For her manner of dressing, I would advise her appropriately during the interview in order for her to fit in her new role. a) A team should first agree on the projects goals proceeding to do any planning, researching or even writing. In this way, they will have a picture of how they want the project to be and where they intend to reach which the project and will guide the group in all their work throughout the project. This option will relieve her of her worries and problems with the English language and will ensure she concentrates on what she does best in her programming role. This will lead to better program development through teamwork. This will enable

The claim that in 1914 states went to war Essay Example for Free

The claim that in 1914 states went to war Essay How valid is the claim that in 1914 states went to war due to fear rather then motives of gain?Austrias quarrel, Germanys warOne of the theories about the outbreak of the First World War is that nations went to war not to necessarily gain something but mainly because of fear which caused by many different factors. Europe before the war can be compared to a round-about with the countries involved, Germany being the central pole, speeding up and thus causing the nations into uncontrollable chaos resulting in them breaking off. The basis of the alliance systems started forming as early as 1871. France and Russia had been supportive of each other ever since France lent Russia money to start industrialization during the reign of Alexander II. The bond between these two great powers was strengthened by their shared enemies, the Central Powers. Their reasons to agree on such alliance, however, were very different. After the Franco-Prussian war of 1871, in which France lost Alsace and Lorraine, both rich in coal and iron reserves to the Prussians, there was a bitter, revengeful feeling in France-Revanchism. The French believed it was their right to fight a victorious war against Germany and retrieve Alsace and Lorraine. Germany was aware of this and Bismarck demanded 5 billion francs as war reparations, believing that this punishment will cripple France for years. Bismarck was, however, no economist, and Germany was to fear France ever since 1873, when last francs were handed over to Germany. German acquisition of Alsace and Lorraine meant that there must be a war between Germany and France Karl MarxAt the Algeciras conference in Spain, almost all great powers and other nations decided to support the French rights in Morocco during the First Moroccan crisis, leaving Germany without any potential allies except for Austria-Hungary. This conspiracy against Germany led to her fear of encirclement and their alliance, therefore, was not because of strong mutual sympathy or the Gross Deutschland ideal, but simply due to this fear of encirclement- Austria-Hungary was the only option. As Germany was relatively young, full of energy, ambitions, and primarily a respect-wanting country, its main potential gain- if a war was to break out- would be widening its colonial empire. This is understandable when we realize that in the 19th century power, respect and an empire were tightly tied together. From now nothing will happen in the world without Germany and its Kaiser Wilhelm IIGermany already had some colonies, but this number was relatively small and certainly not big enough to satisfy its aspirations. But even for these colonies a navy was necessary. Therefore, under Admiral Tirpitz, the great improvement of the German navy began with the goal of protecting their existent and potential colonies. However, it was obvious that the main goal is to tease Britain. This turned out to work well; Britain had always been dependant on its navy as it was the best and only way of keeping all prospective threats away from the islands. It could not afford to let Germany develop its navy so drastically, especially because of Germanys strategic position by the North Sea where Britain had her weakest point. This accumulated with Kaisers arrogance (especially Realpolitik- accomplishes the goal no matter how- murders, blackmail†¦) and clumsy politics (The Daily Telegraph affair) resulting in a strongly anti-German felling in Britain. Except for her colonial ambitions, another goal that would come out of a war for Germany was what Von Moltke called an immediate, preventive war against France and Russia, since Russia was planning on increasing her army from 1.5 to 2.0 million. Except for the threat of German navy, Britain was not affected by the actions on the continent too much- and it did not want to get affected. It remained in Splendid isolationism as Britains attitude towards continental Europe was described by Lord Salisbury. English policy is to float lazily downstream, occasionally putting out a diplomatic boathook to avoid collisions. Lord Salisbury. As Britain did not have much to gain from a war with the Central powers, it was not clear until the last moments whether it will stick to its promise and join the war on the French side. In the end, however, the British found something profitable in the war. There were many protests in Britain as socialist parties were emerging. Ireland also wanted its own rule and first suffragettes appeared. A short, successful war would have been a good way of moving the focus of the society on something else. The obvious potential gain was destroying German navy and causing a stop to its growth. This was, on the other hand, too risky, as this could inflict big damage to the British navy. Slavs looked up to Russia as the mother of all Slavs (this is called Panslavism). The goal of most Slavic nationalists, liberals and intellectuals at the time was to form a state in which all Slavs would live together. This very much concerned Austria-Hungary, Germanys main ally, as many Slavic nations were included in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It also had its own ambitions in the Balkans (annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908). Austria was worried as Serbia was growing stronger and stronger, wanting to form a state similar to later Yugoslavia. Russia supported this Serbian struggle. With Austria-Hungary and her support of the Central powers on one side and Russia with French, and perhaps even British support on the other, the Balkans formed a perfect conflict site. We have to crush Serbia like a viper Austrian commander in chief. Austria-Hungary and Germany thus had reasons for their slight paranoia. As and addition to this served the image of barbaric hordes from the steppes of Asia, charging the civilized central Europe. This visceral fear and the fact that with the population of 166 million people, Russia had practically unlimited human power reserves (and would be therefore practically undefeatable if there were an adequate amount of equipment) made Russia itself the biggest fear of the Central Powers, as proved by the Schlieffen plan, which stated that it was necessary to focus on Russia after quickly defeating France. We cannot compete with the Russian masses. Von MoltkeA perfect example of the fact that nations went to war mostly because of fear and not gain is first war declaration. This was caused by the Russian mobilization, which was a reaction to German aggression towards Prussia. Russia, however, was for now not going to precede any further then a mobilization. But fear and confusion led the Germans into the certainty that Russia is about to attack. German mobilization was then the obvious next step, and The Great War was about to begin. States therefore did go to war because of fear of different issues. But it must be remembered that without any perspective of profit, there would not be anything to fear in the first place. For example, Frances gain would be Germanys loss and thus reasons for war for all countries included both gain and fear aspects. It is, however, obvious that the many miscalculations of mainly, but not only, the German government caused severe confusion and uncertainty about who is actually the one in control, causing this to result in the dominance of fear reasons. Bibliography: my history teacher

Impact of Relationships Upon the Themes of Shakespeares Othello Essay

The Impact of the Relationship between Othello, Iago and Cassio Upon the Themes of Othello The major themes present in Othello are Jealously, Betrayal and Appearance vs. Reality. Each one of these themes are reinforced throughout the play in Iago's evil plot. They are represented or seen by Othello, Iago and Cassio and the relationship between them; dictating the motion of the play. Othello is the main character of the play. He is a moorish general and head of the army of venice. He is a warrior, honest, and loves his new wife Desdemona very much. His only mistake is trusting his ensign, Iago too much and allowing Iago to come between his marriage. Iago makes Othello believe that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him. Iago is Othello's ensign, and the main villain of the play. He hoped to be promoted to the position of lieutament, but Othello chose Cassio over him. To get revenge, he brings forth a plot to convince Othello that Cassio and Desdemona, are having an affair. Iago is truly evil, and cares only about himself. Cassio is Othello's lieutanent who was chosen over the veteran soldier, Iago, for the position. Cassio is a young and handsome Florentine and is very polite with the ladies. By getting drunk and hurting Montano, Governor of Cyprus, he gets discharged from being Othello's lieutanent. The relationship between Othello and Iago is not sincere as Iago makes Othello and everyone else believe. Iago fools everyone into believing that he is an honorable man and loyal friend so that he can get punish Othello for not promoting him to lieutenant. No one ever suspects him of wrongdoing until the end of the play. By the first scene ... ...ssio is like a triangle where even though they are three different characters, they are connected in a way. Othello who has so much power as the general and head of the army, has a weakness in trusting people by their appearance. One of these persons is his ensign Iago, whose reputation is that of an "honest man", but inside he is an evil person. His envy towards Othello drives him on deceiving him and Cassio into believing his supposed loyalty. Iago betrays him by plotting against him using Cassio who is manipulated and innocent of his evilness. Cassio's only interest is getting the position as Othello's lieutanent and by this he gets used by Iago, who disliked him from the beginning because that was the position he wanted to receive. By bringing Cassio in, we close the triangle understanding how the relationship between them dictate the motion of the play.

Rationale Behind Crazy Transfer Fee of English Soccer Players

Rationale behind crazy Transfer fee of English Soccer Players England had a disastrous Football world cup in South Africa. English players are deemed as over-rated and perennial under achievers. But when it comes to the transfer fees, English players are able to command a premium. Liverpool paid ? 35 million for Andy Carroll, ? 16 million for Jordan Henderson and ? 20 million for Stewart Downing. Manchester City paid ? 26 million for James Milner and Manchester United paid ? 17 million for Ashley Young and ? 16. million for Phil Jones, who is just 19 and played only 28 times in English premier league. The important point to consider here is all the above mentioned players come from mediocre clubs and none have premier league winners medal under their belt. What is the mystery behind their astronomical transfer fees? The answer lies elsewhere. UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) has introduced a new ‘home-grown’ rule which states that each participating club in European competitions should have at least at least 8 homegrown players in their squad of 25. A player who is registered for at least three seasons at an English or Welsh club and is between the ages of 16 and 21 is termed as an home-grown player. The FIFA (International Federation of Association Football), the supreme body of the football is working on introducing a whole new system – nine players on every 18-man match day  squad must be home-grown. These developments have caught the English clubs off guard as most of the clubs don’t have the required number of English players in their squad sheet. The home-grown rule has forced the English clubs to go for head hunting of the English talent. The Demand –Supply curve of the transfer market for the English players is given below. D1 = Demand of English players before the implementation of ‘home-grown’ rule D2 = Demand of English players before the implementation of ‘home-grown’ S = Supply of English players p1 = Transfer Amount before FIFA implemented the ‘home-grown’ rule p2 = Transfer Amount after the implementation of ‘home-grown’ rule q1 = Number of English players in demand before the implementation of ‘home-grown’ rule q2 = Number of English players in demand before the implementation of ‘home-grown’ rule The home-grown rule has moved the demand curve to the right and with supply of the English players remaining almost the same; two changes have happened to the equilibrium 1. The equilibrium number of players has increased as there is more demand from English clubs 2. The equilibrium transfer amount has increased and this explains why even the mediocre English players are able to command a premium in the transfer market. Recently many problems have arisen due to the high price tags. Most of these players are either young or mediocre that they don’t find place in the starting lineup of the clubs. Players get frustrated by the lack of playing time and some of them put in transfer request. Also, the high price tags put immense pressure on these players to live up to the expectations. The danger with paying such a high price for a young player is that he might crumble under the pressure of expectations. James Milner is a perfect anecdote for this as he struggled to hold a place in Manchester City’s starting lineup during last season. ———————– Transfer fee A English Players A p2 p1 q1 q2 S D1 D2

Wear and Appearance of the Army Uniform

In the army there are many uniforms a soldier has to wear. This is for the different activities a soldier does. For everything from their daily Physical Training (PT), their regular working uniform Army Combat Uniform (ACU), or their dress uniform either the Army Service Uniform (ASU), or the Army Green Service Uniform (Class A). Each uniform is design to fit a specific task and to be worn a in certain way. A great resource for either the ASU or the Class A is the â€Å"U. S. ARMY UNIFORM GUIDE. I found this little book a great resource because it shows every form of the ASU for both males and females soldiers, for officers and enlisted. I found this to be great because it shows where everything goes, and how to measure everything, and for a new soldier like me it is important to have the little things right. Over time the uniform of a soldier has change. Since the days of the Revolutionary War to today modern wars in Afghanistan and Iraq the uniform has change but the guide lines h as not. As the uniform evolved, so has the regulation that covers it has also.The regulation that covers this is Army Regulation 670-1, the covers everything from how to cut and maintain your hair to how to wear jewelry, eyeglasses and sunglasses. This regulation is something every soldier should read, even the ones who have been in for over ten years. Because from what I have learned is that this regulation is constantly changing. How to wear the army uniform is important because when we put on the uniform we don’t just represent ourselves but the army as a whole as well. One thing I have learned in my short 20 years of life is how important the clothes you wear impact you as person.Because they can be tell tell sings of what type of person you are. As in the book â€Å"APPERANCES† witch talks about how the clothes you wear can say a lot of what type of person you are, or how do you live your lifestyle. When I was a little boy I would always watch how a few of my neig hbors, which were in the National Guard, would be dress and how I notice that each of their uniforms would be. All of them looking good, with their boots clean and polish, uniforms clean, looking how a soldier should be.When I was is the Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps (NJROTC) I learned how to wear the uniform, even more when I came into the army. In basic training I learned how correct looks like. My drill sergeants would always be looking professional at all times and I would always say this to myself (there nothing ever wrong with any of their uniform). But they would always say â€Å"if you see something wrong with any of our uniforms tell us, and the same goes for your battle buddy. † That’s when I really learned to start to look for the little things most people would not notice.That when I started to pay more attention to my own uniform. I would always taking one last quick peck before formation, always trying to look for the things that other peopl e would not see but would notice. As a military police soldier I think we should be held to a higher standard. In everything from the physical training we do, to how our uniform should be. All of our pockets should be lie down flat. All of our buttons and zippers should be button and zipped. Our boots should always be clean, rid of any and all dirt and mud. The uniform as a whole should be cleaned at all times.Because we are the first ones who people see on the gates. Because first impressions are everything, I would never see my dad going to work looking like garbage, he would always look professional. This applies to us even more because when we are patrolling we are the ones who people see giving tickets. We are the ones who respond to when people have any type of an emergency, we are the ones who will show up at the scene of an accident. The general population expect more of us because we are not only police officers we are military polices soldiers.Which many people would assum e since we are in the military we should have more discipline. When you see that soldier who uniform is all messed up, you would assume either him or one of his leaders don't have the discipline to maintain the uniform. That’s something we as military police soldiers can't be. Whenever you pull over that first sergeant, or that captain that are not only going to look at your rank but your uniform as well, because they are most likely going to think â€Å"his uniform look like shit, how do I know if he is doing his job correctly when he can't even maintain his uniform looking as it should. That where I believe our leaders come into play, they are not only there to help us, but also to fix us when we are wrong. So when I keep blowing off the fact my uniform did look like shit, I should have gone to one of them to see if they could help me fix the mistake. It’s important to wear to army uniform correctly because the habits you do while you are home in a safe environment will continue when you deploy. Whenever you go on a mission you should always double and triple check yourself to make sure you have the right equipment.To make sure you are not missing the little things like you camel bag, or even the big things like you weapon. That’s why it’s important to always check yourself in the mirror before you leave. Not only to check you have the right things but also to make sure everything is in the right place, looking how it should. The same goes for whenever you go out, you always want to be looking good at all times, where ever you go. That’s the same type of thinking you need to have every time you put on the army uniform.Because for me every time I put that uniform on I fell a since of pride, knowing I am a soldier, knowing I am one of the few people of this nation that is willing to and able to. As soldiers we are required to do certain things, some of these include doing physical training daily, keeping our leaders notified , keeping our uniforms squared away at all times. Because you will never know when your first sergeant or sergeant major decides to do a surprise inspection on you, we have to be ready at all time.One bad soldier can have a huge negative impact on the rest of the team, because that one bad soldier can influence the good soldiers around him, to make him do the bad and wrong things. Every time when we wear the uniform we are not only representing ourselves but the army, our country, and the ideas of a free country. Therefore the uniform should always be neat; there should never be any excess for why our uniforms are ever out of order. The army is a team, on that team ever one wears the same uniform. If you teammate on basketball, football, soccer, or volleyball you would go over a correct them.The same has to apply to the army. When we are in that uniform people are going to be looking at us not just because we are in the military but sometimes because the people who are looking at us are old retires who want to see the next generation of soldiers keeping the same traditions alive. Or they could be a person in a different branch of the military looking to see how the other branches wear their uniforms. When we wear the army uniform in public we should not bring bad attention to ourselves. One the type of attention that would make that little boy says â€Å"I want to be like them some day. That how first got interested in military. The proper wear of the army uniform is important for many reasons. One of these reasons is to have a strong discipline soldier at all times. Because when you wear the army uniform correctly it does show you have discipline. But it also reflects how your leaders are, either the ones who really don’t care about their soldiers or the type of leader who takes the time to get to know his soldiers. Another reason why it’s important to wear the army uniform correctly is because it instill a since of pride that only those who ha ve earned the right to called themselves United States Soldiers.

Business Writing Training Guidelines for Performance Appraisals

Business Writing Training Guidelines for Performance Appraisals Performance appraisals play an important role in motivating your employees and in encouragingthem to work to the best of their abilities. Appraisals provide an opportunity to shine for many, and anopportunityto reflect for others. Business writing training guidelines assist the difficult task for bothbusiness owners and managers to evaluate employee performance against quantifiable Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Business writing training guidelines will also help individuals better document their achievements during their annual performance review. Writing a performance appraisal report is often cumbersome. Many companies use pre-written templates to prepare such appraisals, and this regimented approach is not always effective. Business writing trainingprovidesmanagers the business writing skillsto effectivelyprovide employees more data regarding their performance. Similarly, the directorship in many businesses requires in-depth employee performance analysis before they make any decision regarding payroll and promotion. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(41482, '68b80d4a-2e12-4e12-a6e9-b258b38b08c3', {}); Despite its apparent complexities, writing performance appraisals is a fairly easy task. Here’s a look at fourbusiness writing training guidelines to help bothmanagers and individual employees write relevant and accurate performance appraisal reports. Keep the Audience in Mind Appraisal reports are written for the senior management in your organization. Put yourself in your manager’s position and consider: What does your boss want in this appraisal report? What good will this information do forhim or her? How will the report help in assessing the employee’s performance? The first step towards drafting an effective performance appraisal report is to keep your target audience in mind. There’s a famous business clichà © that says, â€Å"what counts is what'scounted†. This should be your focus. Analyze all indices and factors that seem relevant for the employee appraisal. Be Neutral Once you know who your target audience is, the next step is to maintain a certain level of neutrality in the performance appraisal. It is very easy to sway off course when preparing or filling out the appraisal report. As an employee, you need to address all the core areas of interest to your boss on a timely basis. Do this before they introduce any ancillary content to the performance appraisal report. As a manager, you need to share with your employees all the information and performance metrics against which employee productivity will be measured. Keep Track of All Achievements As a manager, you need to create an electronic record for your employees' achievementsthroughout the year. The same rule applies to employees as well. Scan your email for any recommendations or stand-out recognition you have received. Such exercises are are helpful, but consistent tracking is better. The best approach is to create a tracking documentthat lists all your achievements as they occur. These achievements should be in line with the performance indices used in your appraisal report. Whenever you receiveany recognitionemail or acknowledgement for your hard work, add it to your tracking document. This will provide accuracy and reliability to your performance appraisal report and help you assemble accurate facts. Mind Your Language Performance appraisal reports are very specific in nature. They determineincrements to your salary, bonuses, perks or even a better position. Therefore, it is important that you use the right tone, with accurate sentences and specific verbs to describe your performance. Use evocative words that specificallysummarize your achievements. Instead of relying on long and unending sentences, use short and precise words and phrases. Avoid businessclichà ©s that don't really mean anything specific, such as "passionate marketer" or "committed team member." Instead, be specific about your actual accomplishments. To learn more on how to improve business writing for your employees, downloadâ€Å"Four Steps to Improve Your Team’s Business Writing Skills.†

Bill of Rights - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Bill of Rights - Smart Custom Writing Human Resource ManagementIt might sound indisputably to say that the planet we inhabit and all living beings are under the constant process of movement. Still, another true point suggests itself. The movement appears to be quite an ambiguous notion, since it can be represented by either progress or regress. Needless to say, the contemporary world strives for constant development, evolvement and progress. In this tight connection emerges the notion of leadership, the latter in its turn provokes competition. Nowadays world with its immitigable and unforgiving race and pace inevitably induces companies to be involved in the competitive rush. Clearly, to be the first means a lot. In attempts to take dominant position in the marketplace of rivals the companies are forced to resort to complicated strategies and tactics. After all, leadership is undoubtedly worthwhile expending some effort with the intention to overcome obstacles and hindrances on the way. Currently contest participants encounter the difficulties to be tackled. They are facing a trickish problem of competitive challenges, these being the challenge of sustainability, global challenge and technology challenge. With the aim to have a clear idea of how the above mentioned challenge factors matter, let’s scrutinize a company’s inner structure in general. It’s true to claim, each company focuses on success but to make this success feasible it has to attract a lot of resources. First of all, it is people employed, thus forming the personnel in each company’s department. Second of all, that is technological base. Third of all, inputs into the research field. Fourth of all, it is the company budget that forms the condition for the company’s development and all its constituents’ improvement.   Thus we deal with the mutual interconnection and interdependence. Hence, it’s hard to imagine each sector of the company’s arrangement to do without a human resource as a ‘fuel of production’ (Jeremy Gutsche. 2009, Sept. 23). The extant to which a separate staff member and the whole coherent team will be the contribution to the company de pends on the high quality of the functions performed. Therefore the human resources management (HRM) plays the role of an accelerator and intensifier of the employees’ potential leading to the prosperity of the company. Moreover, the HRM practices are supposed to be in compliance with the company’s rules and the main policy it pursues (Carter McNamara). So, the HRM is called for promoting the capabilities of each company’s member by means of special programs and training courses to reach the goals of a particular organization. Up to a point, we need to elucidate the whole HRM system’s mechanism. By means of being involved in the process of personal ‘upgrading’ each member acquires useful experience and enhances his or her own proficiency. But how can be a global challenge addressed? The answer is in the thoroughly elaborated HRM strategy that may be seen as follows. With the help of clever HRM each particular specialist in the sphere of his or her responsibility becomes not only aware of the technological novelties, progressive engineering, international economic and political situation, but also of how the acquired knowledge can be applied in the company’s specific sector. Thus, the technological challenge becomes not so irresistible and insurmountable with the highly qualified collaborative team of computer engineering workers, IT specialists who are always in the know of changes and are the first to develop new and new high tech ‘products’. The processes of globalization and integration embrace the international market as well. Contemporary situation in the global marketplace is that the customers’ demands are constantly rising, by this forcing the companies to always keep its head on a swivel not to let a client slip into another company’s hands. Thus we speak about the global competition scale. Giving the unceasingly changing global picture, arises the necessity of the company’s prompt operational response and reaction what increases the demand in HRM practices with the help of which the staff research the modern global tendencies to implement the information gathered and expand the horizon of the company’s activity and investment policy offshore. The HRM assists in overcoming the challenge of sustainability. Virtually, the very term sustainability presupposes to be able to endure, survive by reducing and eliminating negative influences. Due to the cooperative and joint efforts and powerful technological armory, awareness in the world processes the company’s business is sure to keep up with the time and secured against defeat in every day struggle for leadership and thus is able to demonstrate long-term performance and prosperity on the global market. HRM doesn’t stand still either. It introduces and encloses new approaches and methods to develop the resistance to negative and formidable global factors. The importance of such organization as the HRM is dramatically increasing, since its practices are directed to and focused on the company-bound policy and flexible, subtle and smart human resource coordination and monitoring by proving constant and systematic trainings. Not of the least is the strategy of the contemporary HRM that also realizes the role of technologies in making the administration performance not so time-consuming and the staff productivity more effective. On the whole, the human resources (HR) being an integral part of any organization, company, enterprise by means of skillful HRM are the driving power in counteracting the competitive challenges that may inflict damage not only on the company’s finances but also be menacing to the whole company’s organism.

American History Taxation Laws 1760's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History Taxation Laws 1760's - Essay Example Nevertheless, as the law declares, the main reason for adoption is the alleged need for handling problems of the whole American continent, caused by "impending misfortunes of the British colonies on this continent" (Stamp Act). In fact the main event preceding this decision made by the Congress was the impoverishment of British economy after colonial wars with France, which turned out a strong rival. Religious issues also played their role, as the Act refers to the problems with establishing Protestantism in America. The Act clearly expresses the British attitude towards the colony: all Englishmen are recognized as free residents and taxation duties are positioned as the free will of those under British Crown, and due to the large number of target audiences, the Act emphasizes the respect for natural human rights, yet the law to great extent imposes the taxes to plantation-owners and free traders " His Majesty's liege subjects in these colonies, are entitled to all the inherent rights and liberties of his natural born subjects within the kingdom of Great-Britain" (ibid, II). Furthermore, the Act creates a kind of taxation framework and claims that high taxes will become a contribution into the wealth of Great Britain and thus the wealth of the entire English nation.

Aerated Concrete Industries, Co Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aerated Concrete Industries, Co - Case Study Example The chosen business organization is Aerated Concrete Industries, Co. which is engaged in the core business of production and manufacturing of light weight blocs and reinforced slabs.On the other hand, ACICO's subsidiaries are into contracting/construction, real estate development and/or investment and engineering consultant office. Because of the diversity of its business units, ACICO employs a corporate strategy centered on cost leadership.ACICO employs the expertise of its multiple sub-units in order to efficiently manage costs and enhance its expertise. It should be noted that there is a strong coordination among ACICO's business units which enable it to build skeleton houses in a relatively short period of three days. After purchasing land, the investment in real estate moves to develop the property. The engineering office processes the necessary permits and creates the design. Afterwards, the contracting unit takes over to begin and finish the construction. It can be seen that a ll the processes in real estate development and construction are all undertaken in-house. In fact, ACICO's competitive advantage is its capacity to undertake every process in the value chain efficiently enabling it to develop high quality housing at lower costs than competitors.Being engaged in a highly capital intensive business operation, ACICO profits through economies of scale. Its multiple sub-units enable it to spread its expenditures in advertisement and administration in order to minimize unit production cost. The company has also developed expertise in different each value chain process allowing it to create high quality products and provide excellent services. The three main strategies discussed above consistently diversify risks and keep consistent cash flow by generating income from different sources as well as financial engineering. 2. Translate the Strategies Identified into Strategic Tasks The broad strategies mentioned above are efficiently carried out by ACICO through its operations. Intensive growth is expected to be achieved by exploring suitable opportunities with aim to expand by enlarging the scale of operations of its existing business operations. Through diligent implementation of this intensive growth strategy, ACICO becomes successful in entering the Dubai, Saudi Arabian, Qatar markets with its Autoclaved Aerated Concrete plants and is currently working to penetrate the market and improve its market share by forging alliance with renowned local partners possessing who are proven market influences and share good local standing. This enables it to attain its objective of increasing shareholder wealth by expanding in core knowledgeable business. Integrative growth is undertaken through the implementation of backward, forward, and horizontal integration within the construction and real estate industry. Management intends exploiting the opportunities offered throughout this industry's value chain, which ultimately slows greater operating flexibility, reduces reliance on third party providers, deliver quality client service and offer competitive products to customers. This serves ACICO's objective of maximizing shareholder wealth by operating in all spheres of the construction and real estate value chain. The implementation of diversification growth strategy is intended to multiply growth prospects by focusing on profitable business ventures outside its core businesses. ACICO does this through a detailed mapping of the market prior to any decision to venture and is considered

The Impact of Workplace Diversity on Job Performance. (Walmart case Essay

The Impact of Workplace Diversity on Job Performance. (Walmart case study) - Essay Example Findings revealed that workforce diversity has both positive and negative impacts on job performance in Walmart and that current diversity-related issues are not that damaging yet to the strategic objectives of the company. Results also showed that the most effective strategy to counter the potential negative impact of workforce diversity in the organization is to implement evidence-based initiatives which are to be introduced in several phases. Moreover, there are multifarious benefits of workforce diversity to the company. Recommendations forwarded include continuously reinforcing positive impacts, neutralizing the negative impact, evaluating diversity profiles, revisiting policies, and soliciting feedback NOW to make sure that the gap between diversity requirements and the mechanisms that address these are limited at tolerable levels. More importantly, Walmart should sustain the momentum of its diverse workforce in bringing value to the company. Introduction: Strategic human resource management (HRM) is an integral approach aimed at reaching organizational goals. It correlates about how an institution directs the performance of its officers and workers within a targeted period to perfect the company’s relation with the market and to ensure that it’s able to achieve shareholders’ expectations based on the confluence and influential factors driven by the state of the economy. Russu (1993) posited that HRM is achieved if an organization has nurtured a formal structure of organization using its human capital in the perfection of desired performance. As such, the company must be able to (a) develop strategic approaches to motivate them in order to engage them in all necessary tasks; (b) permit the organization to function for efficiency and effectiveness of services; (c) adhere to objectives using standards and performance control or systems; (d) make some essential decisions about employment in relation to organizational effectiveness; (e) appreciation of diversity to gather leverage in the market and to make the services harmonious to market; and to nurture high productivity in its economic and corporate activities. Russu (1993) pointed that HRM is therefore about defining strategies to assure concordance in business strategy and human resources strategy. It is also interested about developing a comprehensive process in the application of policies and workplace ethics or practices by setting down the integrated human resources’ desired behaviours and nurturing commitments from workforces. The objectives of this research are to broadly investigate the

Analysis Of Gdp Determinants Statistics Economics Essay

Analysis Of Gdp Determinants Statistics Economics Essay The aim of our report is to identify the factors which affects GDP for any country. In our report we are analyzing such factors in relation to Indias GDP. The report will be dealing with regression analysis, hypothesis testing, mean, median, mode etc of such factors which are independent variables and their affect on GDP which is a dependent variable. 2. Introduction: The report revolves around an exploratory study. It includes analyzing the statistical data of Indias GDP and other factors like Employment to population ratio, FDI, population for the past 20 years. Our aim is to identify the dependence of above mentioned factors on GDP of India and results of the regression analysis. Here we take GDP as the dependent variable and other three factors as the independent variables. Before getting into analysis we look into the substitute measures of each variable used in the report for analyzing regression, hypothesis testing and calculating the mean and median values. GDP Lending Interest Rates FDI Population Employment to population ratio 2.1) GDP: GDP forms the dependent variable of our research study. GDP is an indicator of overall economic welfare of a country. It is the sum total of the final goods and services produced within the borders of the nation. In other words, summing up the consumption, government expenditure, investments and net exports results in the GDP growth rate of a country. It is considered to be a very important element as it helps in estimating the health of countrys economy. Calculating the GDP is not an easy task because of which they are left to be calculated by the economists. GDP growth rate of an economy is dependent on various factors like FDI, population to employment ratio, lending interest rate, population etc. Governments closely watch out the GDP as it measures the economic performance of the country. If GDP rises it means the economy has grown and vice versa. GDP is criticized on various grounds like it does not talks about the spending power, distribution of income or well being of countrys inhabitant. Formula of calculating GDP: GDP=C+I+G+(X-M) Where, C=consumption I=investment G=government expenditure (X-M) =Net Exports The independent variables (Population, Lending Interest rates, FDI, Employment to population ratio etc ) that we are using in the research analysis affect each of these above mentioned components. The data related to GDP has been shown in the appendix 9.1 2.2 ) Employment to population ratio: It is taken as an independent variable in our study. We attempt to measure the impact of this ratio on GDP growth in India. Employment to population ratio basically means the ratio of the total working age of the labor force employed over total population. Following formula is used in calculating the ratio: Employment to population ratio= Employed Persons/ Total non-institutionalized civilian population *100 This ratio does not bear underrating problems relating to unemployed persons and other discouraged workers that enter or exit the labor force. The data of employment ratio is shown in appendix 9.1 2.3) FDI: Foreign direct investment is an independent variable in our research report. We try finding out the impact of FDI on GDP growth rate. In simple words it is an investment made by one company in a given country in another company based or set up in another country. FDI has been a major source of managerial skills, technology, capital and access to market desired for sustained economic development and growth in the recent past. All the Countries are involved in inviting more and more of foreign direct investment to come and invest in their country resulting in rapid economic growth. FDI is considered to be an important factor in facilitating growth, however, it will result in growth only if the inflows are carefully managed and invested. The related data is included in the appendix 9.1 for the past 20 years . All the inferences related to FDI has been drawn on the basis of such data. 2.4) Population: The growth of population has always been a debating issue. There is no conclusion as to it is negative or positive for growth of an economy. Population and economic growth are interrelated to each other in a way that, population increases due to high economic growth leading to early marriages and hiking birth rates and checking on the mortality rates by providing healthy environment to the citizens. Higher population also depresses economic growth through diminishing returns. (Becker, Glaeser, and Murphy 1999, p. 145) In our study we attempt to study the impact of population on economic growth which is expressed as the real GDP per capita. The data regarding population for past 20 years has been included in the appendix 9.1. All the analysis related to it has been done on the basis of such data and various results has been drawn on such basis. 2.5) Lending Interest Rate: Lending Interest rate is the amount of interest charged by a lender from a borrower in case of loan being offered. A countrys real GDP and interest rates are interlinked in a variety of means. They have a direct relationship, i.e., high lending rate results in high growth for the economy. The dependence of GDP on Lending Interest Rate can be studied in the analysis of the study. The related data regarding interest rate is included in appendix 9.1 3. Tools used for research study: The statistical tools used in our research study with the objective of finding the dependence of GDP on various independent variables like, Population, Lending interest rates, FDI, Employment to population ratio are Regression Analysis, Mean, Median, Mode, Hypothesis Testing Steps involved in analysis: Our first step was to scrutinize and identify the factors responsible for GDP growth of a nation. Next, we tried locating data of the identified factors for the past 20 years. Than we tried finding relationship of various factors with the GDP of a nation. The data was than constructed and summarised in a proper manner to conduct regression analysis. SPSS software was used to conduct the regression analysis and hypothesis testing. All the data and factors collected are using the secondary sources, i.e., Internet and Journals. 4. Data Description: N i.e. the number of observations for our research is 20. There are two types of data: Qualitative Quantitative Qualitative data deals with categorical measurement and is not measured in terms of numeric values. For our study the qualitative factors can be like Market Risk, Business Confidence etc, which affects the GDP but due to their qualitative nature we overlooked them of the study. Quantitative data deals with the numerical measurement of the database. Relating to our study, the quantitative data factors are Population, GDP, Lending interest rates, FDI etc. We have limited our research taking in account only the quantitative data. Data can also be time series or cross sectional: Cross sectional data is the data for a given point of time analyzing the differences among the subjects. Whereas time series data is concerned with the data over a spread time course In our report we are using time-series data, for 20 years i.e. from 1991 to 2010. Regression Analysis: Regression Analysis means scrutinizing the relationship between a dependent and independent variable. After conducting an analysis, regression statistics is helpful in identifying the dependent variable when the independent variables are unknown. Dependent Variable- GDP growth of India Independent variable- FDI, Employment to Population ratio and Real Interest Rate The regression equation is: Y=b1X1+b2X2+.+E In the above equation- Y= dependent variable X1, X2 =independent variables b1, b2 =coefficients describing effect of independent variables on the dependent variables E=error term In our study, the equation looks like, GDP=b1F1+b2F2+b3F3++bnfn Where, F1 to Fn= independent variable factors Hypothesis testing: Hypothesis testing is the test of significance wherein we identify the likelihood that an assumption is true, and at what likelihood we would hold the assumption as true. The assumption made is referred as the Null hypothesis and is denoted by H0 and an alternate hypothesis is defined known as an Alternative Hypothesis and is denoted by Ha. The rationale behind this test is to hold null hypothesis to be true and then performing the study on the argument in question. Once the hypothesis is defined and data is collected and constructed, following steps of hypothesis are followed: A critical region of size alpha is determined using the sample distribution of the test statistics Using the sample data, identify the values of test statistics The last step is confirming that the value of test statistics falls under the critical region defined; if no, we accept the null in favour of the alternative hypothesis and if yes, we reject the null hypothesis. 5). Variables considered as independent in hypothesis and doing regression analysis In doing the analysis of various factors affecting GDP growth some of the factors which is been considered as the variables are FDI, Employment ratio, Population and Lending interest rate as they impact directly in the growth of GDP for any country. The factors are denoted by r and following relation between the factors as stated above and the regression can be explained under 5.1) Population (H1) Although increase in population has a negative impact on the economy of any country. However, such increase allows availability of labor at cheap rates which attracts the companies or firms to make more investment in the form of Foreign direct investment or FIIs that helps to give upward thrust in GDP. 5.2) Foreign Direct Investment(H2) It can be argued on the grounds of proven facts that Foreign Direct Investment has a positive relation for boosting the economic growth of any country which results in increasing the GDP of the country. FDI allows the money to come in the economy which creates opportunities to increase growth of the economy. 5.3) Employment Ratio(H3) It also affects the economy which indeed affects GDP growth as with the increase in the employment more expenditure will have to be incurred which in turn affect countrys GDP 5.4) Lending Interest Rate(H4) If the interest rate increases it will lead to less money circulation in the economy. The banks and financial institutions of the country will not able to lend money as the people will not be willing to accept because the increase in interest rate will attract more interest expense and hence will resist to it. This will result in decrease in the consumption which will bend the GDP down and secondly money circulation will also reduce which result in the fall in GDP growth. Hence the whole discussion can be summarized in the following manner-: H1- Increase in population lead to increased GDP. Hence it has a positive relation H2- Increase in FDI Increases GDP. It also has a positive relation H3- Increase in employment leads to increase in GDP. It shows positive relation H4- Increase in Interest rate leads to fall in GDP. It has a negative relation 6). Regression results 6.1) Employment Regression (Appendix 9.3.1) In this regression model, Employment ratio is an independent variable and on X-axis. GDP is a dependent variable and on y-axis. After doing data analysis of this model, we conclude that the regression equation for this is: Here, is an intercept which is 1.736 is a slope of this equation which is -2.958 Estimated value If employment ratio is increase by 1, there is decrease in GDP by 2.958. There is negative linear relationship between GDP and employment ratio. Now if we talk about correlation between these two variable which is R. = +à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡(.720) = +.849 In this + sign shows that correlation is positive and is .849 Now is .72 which shows that 72 % variance in GDP is explained by employment ratio. Now if we talk about this model whether it is good or bad, we have to check two condition. should be high In this is high. Hypothesis test: : ÃŽÂ ² = 0 (no linear relationship between X and Y) : ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 (linear relationship between X and Y) This is conclude by t statistics Now, = -6.80 Standard error à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢value is .000 and we assume ÃŽÂ ± is .05 which is greater than p-value. Hence we reject . So we conclude that it is a good regression model. 6.2) FDI Regression (Appendix 9.3.2) In this regression model, FDI is an independent variable and on X-axis. GDP is a dependent variable and on y-axis. After doing data analysis of this model, we conclude that the regression equation for this is: Here, is an intercept which is 3.894 is a slope of this equation which is 0.029 Estimated value If FDI is increase by 1, there is increase in GDP by . There is positive linear relationship between GDP and FDI as the slope is positive. Now if we talk about correlation between these two variable which is R. = +à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡(.782) = +.884 In this + sign shows that correlation is positive and is .884 Now is .78 which shows that 78 % variance in GDP is explained by FDI. Now if we talk about this model whether it is good or bad, we have to check two condition. should be high In this is high. Hypothesis test: : ÃŽÂ ² = 0 (no linear relationship between X and Y) : ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 (linear relationship between X and Y) This is conclude by t statistics Now, = 8.025 Standard error à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢value is .000 and we assume ÃŽÂ ± is .05 which is greater than p-value. Hence we reject . So we conclude that it is a good regression model. 6.3) Lending interest rate (Appendix 9. 3.3) In this regression model, Lending interest rate is an independent variable and on X-axis. GDP is a dependent variable and on y-axis. After doing data analysis of this model, we conclude that the regression equation for this is: Here, is an intercept which is 2.088 is a slope of this equation which is -1.066 Estimated value If lending interest rate increases by 1, there is decrease in GDP by 1.066. There is negative linear relationship between GDP and lending interest rate as the slope is negative. Now if we talk about correlation between these two variable which is R. = +à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡(.466) = +.683 In this + sign shows that correlation is positive and is .849 Now is .46 which shows that 46 % variance in GDP is explained by employment ratio. Now if we talk about this model whether it is good or bad, we have check two condition. should be high In this is high. Hypothesis test: : ÃŽÂ ² = 0 (no linear relationship between X and Y) : ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 (linear relationship between X and Y) This is conclude by t statistics Now, = -3.964 Standard error à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢value is .001 and we assume ÃŽÂ ± is .05 which is greater than p-value. Hence we reject . So we conclude that it is a good regression model. 6.4) Population Regression (Appendix 9.3.4) In this regression model, Population is an independent variable and on X-axis. GDP is a dependent variable and on y-axis. After doing data analysis of this model, we conclude that the regression equation for this is: Here, is an intercept which is 3.894 is a slope of this equation which is 0.029 Estimated value If population is increase by 1, there is increase in GDP by 3.60 There is strong positive linear relationship between GDP and POPULATION as the slope is positive. Now if we talk about correlation between these two variable which is R. = +à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡(.819) = +.905 In this + sign shows that correlation is positive and is .905 Now is .81 which shows that 81 % variance in GDP is explained by population. Now if we talk about this model whether it is good or bad, we have to check two condition. should be high In this is high. Hypothesis test: : ÃŽÂ ² = 0 (no linear relationship between X and Y) : ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 (linear relationship between X and Y) This is conclude by t statistics Now, = 9.031 Standard error à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢value is .000 and we assume ÃŽÂ ± is .05 which is greater than p-value. Hence we reject . So we conclude that it is a good regression model. 7) Conclusion The effect of factors like employment ratio, foreign direct investment, lending interest rate and population on GDP of India are considered as important variables which we have tried to explain with the help of regression analysis and hypothesis testing. By considering the data of past 20 years we have also calculated its mean, median, mode, Variance, standard deviation (appendix 2). We have one dependent variable that is GDP and four independent variables which are FDI, employment ratio, population, and interest rate. According to multiple regressions, the equation for the model is: Where x1, x2, x3, x4 are the independent variable, estimated value E(y) is expected by these variable. In our report, we have taken separate simple regression models Regression analysis cannot interpret as a procedure for establishing a cause and effect relationship between variables. It can only show that how much these variables are related or associated with each other. Regression equation tells us about mean value of y for given value of x. According to Hypothesis test, all four regression model is good model and it estimates the mean value for these independent variables with less errors. The models also shows the relationship between GDP and these independent variables and their effect on GDP. If value of these independent variables is increase by 1, we conclude how much it affects the estimated value of GDP. Estimated value of GDP is increases by 3.60 if there is one unit increase in population Estimated value of GDP is increased by .029 if there is one unit increase in FDI Estimated value of GDP is decreased by 2.958 if there is one unit increase in employment ratio Estimated value of GDP is decreased by 1.066 if there is one unit increase in interest rate Hence it can be concluded that all factors affects GDP and we cant estimate GDP if we dont have particular value of these independent variable. 8) Bibliography References Amosweb.com (2012) AmosWEB is Economics: Encyclonomic WEB*pedia. [online] Available at: http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpdc=dspk=employment-population+ratio [Accessed: 29 Nov 2012]. Anderson, D. and Sweeney, D. (2011) Statistics for Business and Economics. 11th ed. New Delhi: Cengage Learning India Private Limited. Databank.worldbank.org (2012) World Databank. [online] Available at: http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do [Accessed: 29 Nov 2012]. Investopedia.com (2012) Real Interest Rate Definition | Investopedia. [online] Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/realinterestrate.asp#axzz2DS1wJc9k [Accessed: 29 Nov 2012]. Scribd.com (2012) GDP. [online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/81376677/GDP [Accessed: 29 Nov 2012]. Scribd.com (2001) FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GDP OF INDIA. [online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/84520340/FACTORS-INFLUENCING-THE-GDP-OF-INDIA [Accessed: 29 Nov 2012]. Unknown. (2012) [online] Available at: http://web.williams.edu/go/math/sjmiller/public_html/BrownClasses/162/Handouts/StatsTests04.pdf [Accessed: 29 Nov 2012].