Theodore Roosevelt s The Progressive Era Essay - 1543 Words

Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency marked the beginning of a very liberal period in American history. This new ‘Progressive Era’ was mobilized largely by the middle class as an attempt to put an end to the problems created by the period of excess that was the Gilded Age. Believing that big business was ruining democracy, and assuming a moral obligation to shield the poor and downtrodden from corrupt capitalists, the Progressives commenced an era of sweeping reforms. From the outset, the Progressive movement targeted domestic issues such as political machines, monopolies, and factory regulations. While President Roosevelt—the face of the Progressive movement—frequently became entangled in global affairs during his time in the Whitehouse, the focus of Progressives during this stage remained primarily on domestic concerns. It was not until after Roosevelt’s presidency that the Progressives followed their patron’s lead, becoming active partici pants in foreign affairs. Theodore Roosevelt’s exit from the spotlight and subsequent return to politics in 1912 caused the Progressives to split from the Republican Party, and when war broke out in Europe in 1914, Progressives were then divided amongst themselves regarding how the Great War should be handled from afar. As foreign policy issues became a larger concern than domestic issues, the Progressives shifted their attention away from home and toward foreign policy. As his second term concluded, Theodore Roosevelt handpicked WilliamShow MoreRelatedProgressivism : A Great Number Of Urban Middle Class1722 Words   |  7 PagesPrasertsup (Nine) History Research 420 Word Count: Progressivism in the Roosevelt Corollary From 1900 to about 1920, a great number of urban middle class people began to consider problems created by urbanization, class conflict, immigration, corruption, etc. This broad movement had large effects on American politics and the name of this time, known as the Progressive Era. Not only did the progressive movement happen in the era, Latin American economic crises also occurred. Venezuela was one of thoseRead MoreThe Gilded Age : An Era Of Extreme Corruption1169 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the 1890’s. Then the next era would be the Progressive Era beginning from where the Gilded Age left off till around 1920. Though these eras are accepted in the historical community, some historians argue that it is useless to label these two as separate eras in American history. One historian is Rebecca Edwards in her article Politics, Social Movement, and the Periodization of U.S. History. She argues that the Gilded Age and the Progressive should be known as one Long Progressive Era, a nd I agreeRead MoreThe Age Of Uncertainty Between 1890 And 1920 s A New Movement Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesemergence of Populists, Progressives and Radicals came a vast difference between what was thought as American. All groups claimed to be trying to make the US a better place however each differed vastly in their ideas of going about it. During the age of uncertainty between 1890 and the 1920’s a new movement called the Progressives emerged in parts of the Unites States. They emerged as part of a long tradition of reform aimed at correcting the issues of the country. Progressives ranged across the socialRead MoreRoosevelt, Taft, and Wilson: Progressive Presidents1675 Words   |  7 Pagescountry and the Progressive Era, more than a decade. The presidents of this time, Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson, were like chefs developing a recipe for the betterment of the United States. Every act that was passed, each decision that was made, was a trial or taste-test of the constantly changing recipe for the country. If something angered citizens or drew criticism, the president went back to his office, his kitchen, and was ready to make more changes. Where he left off in the progressive recipe, theRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And The Progressive Era1392 Words   |  6 PagesBefore 1967, the Twenty-Fifth Amendment was not enacted, so when the Vice President of William McKinley died in November 1899 Theodore Roosevelt won the nomination unanimously. Little did Theodore know that this was the beginning of his rise to the presidency. He campaigned vigorously for McKinley which eventually lead to their landslide victory in 1900. Roosevelt spent six uneventful months as Vice President, as his most notable action was thrilling his supporters with words â€Å"Speak softly and carryRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Era1250 Words   |  5 Pages Progressive Presidents In the period of time following the Reconstruction Era the Progressive era came about, presented with abundant opportunity but also hindered by significant economic, political, and social issues. America was pining for a leader who could provide solutions to all of these issues, caused by rapid industrialization. In 1901, Theodore Roosevelt emerged as a leader for the progressivism movement, which focused on reforming the major issues that society faced at that time suchRead MoreDbq 2003 Form B Apush Essay658 Words   |  3 PagesThe Progressive Era was a thirty year period in which the United States was completely reformed. Actions were taken to improve working conditions for laborers, create a sexually unbiased work system and regulate the economy. President Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson both helped create a more direct democracy in which the people would have a voice. During those thirty years, amendments 16 to 19 were ratified to regulate and reform the country. Muckrake rs were writers who worked for the printingRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of Social And Political Reform1177 Words   |  5 Pagessocial and political reform took place in the United States known as the Progressive Era. â€Å"The era saw the expansion of political and economic freedom through the reinvigoration of the moment for woman suffrage, the use of political power to expand workers rights’ and efforts to improve democratic government by weakening the power of the city bosses and giving ordinary citizens more influence on legislation.† The progressive reformers from this time gained a majority of their support from the educationRead MoreThe Liberal Era Of The Progressive Era1220 Words   |  5 PagesA great democracy has got to be progressive or it will soon cease to be great or a democracy. ( ). The Progressive Era consisted of reformers demanding the government to clean up society. Entering office in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt was an individual in the republic an Party, but as the country began to spin out of control Roosevelt joined the new Progressive Party and saved the country from a disastrous ending (685). Reformers set out to cleanse the country go its wrong doings. The progressivismRead MoreThe Election of 1912 Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, Americans faced the challenge of choosing between four strong candidates of the election of 1912. Each candidate held concrete platforms that would have different effects on progressivism. Americans could chose the conservative presidential incumbent William Howard Taft(R), the New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson (D), the long-time fighter for social reform-Eugene V. Debs (S), or the former president Theodore Roosevelt of the newly formed Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)

Creative Critical Response - 705 Words

CREATIVE CRITICAL RESPONSE Name : Charmayne Text : Hamlet (2009) directed by Gregory Doran, starring David Tennant Context : The following CCR is written in the form of a blog made ten years after the production of the movie Hamlet from the Royal Shakespeare Company. It is written from the perspective of Gregory Doran’s daughter who is eighteen years old and studies English Literature in school. She stumbled upon one of her father’s works one day, which is Hamlet. She shared this information with her lecturer and her lecturer asked her to make a review of the movie on the blog to encourage her friends to take up Shakespeare. The readers of her blog are others of her age range and most of her classmates so this is an efficient method†¦show more content†¦I think my dad made a very fitting choice by choosing that attire. Some said that my father directed the movie in a way that made it accessible to the younger generation,[2] probably because it removes the Shakespearean stereotype of medieval clothing such as the doublet. Also, the delivery of Hamlet was comical which appeal s to the younger generation because it gives relief from Shakespearean solemnity. My father did an exemplary job in extracting an authentic yet profoundly discerning performance from his actors. David Tennant, known to many as â€Å"Doctor Who,† gives us a Hamlet who is brashly mad but penetrates our hearts with sorrow for his tragedy although some argue that his ludicrousness makes his acting less genuine.[3] Patrick Stewart, on the other hand, gives a stellar performance as King Claudius, making him shrewdly righteous and steadfast, allowing room for King Claudius to scrupulously execute his malignancy. One outstanding aspect of this movie is the use of mirrors and reflections which proves a challenge for my dad because there’s a risk of accidently filming the crew but he prevailed in the end, giving more brooding atmospheres during soliloquys. It also acts as a symbol of reflection of characters’ true nature. There’s a part where the mirror in QueenSho w MoreRelatedTok Essay: Critical and Creative Thinking1599 Words   |  7 PagesWilde Theory of Knowledge 3 May 2012 TOK Essay Response: Critical and Creative Thinking Since the dawn of humanity, man has sought to gain further insight on life through attaining knowledge. Knowledge can be defined as any information gained through personal experience. The means of obtaining knowledge include four main branches: reason, perception, language, and emotion. Despite the means, all knowledge is formulated through the process of thinking. Thinking refers to the use of the mindRead MoreGlg 101 Week 1 Review Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pages|Prepare a response to each of the following questions primarily from the text. Provide an explanation in your | | |responses. Do not copy and paste your answers. If you use outside sources, include a reference. | | | | | |Ch. 1: Critical and CreativeRead MoreThe Problem And It s Background Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesour higher education experiences, we also often use some basic strategies and knowledge in applying solutions in every problem. As an educator, we must be flexible and proactive in making decisions especially to those students that needs immediate response in their problem. Decision making, ranging from deciding whether you’re going to exert effort in doing your work or simply to finish your work and submit it on the time given. Good decision making is one of the factors that we teachers must attainRead MoreEssay on Mathematics and Art 1574 Words   |  7 Pagesinteraction between critical and creative thinking. Whether considering mathematics or art, creative thinking evaluates a new or original idea containing some degree of value. Critical thinking examines assumptions and challenges a current belief or theory that has previously assumed to be true. Although general assumptions and creativity may be considered separately when considering extreme examples of concrete ideas and abstract ideas, the interplay of critical and creative thinking is one methodRead MorePhl 320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business Complete Class996 Words   |  4 PagesPHL 320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business Complete Class https://homeworklance.com/downloads/phl-320-critical-thinking-decision-making-business-complete-class/ PHL 320 Week 1 Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary Participate in a class discussion by responding to the following questions: †¢ How would you define critical thinking? What makes a person a critical thinker? †¢ Why is critical thinking important? Provide an example of how critical thinking has helped you inRead MoreCritical Thinking1125 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Thinking Article Review Over the last thirty years, the health care system has incurred dramatic changes, resulting in new advances in technology and medical theories. Greater demand for quality care by consumers, more knowledgeable patients, remarkable disease processes, shorter hospitalizations, and the continuing pressure to lower health care costs are all contributing factors in the necessary changes to the nursing practice. In order for nurses to deliver optimum care, they must developRead MoreHrm 533 Total Rewards1633 Words   |  7 Pagescan improve the overall competitive compensation strategy of the organization. A competitive organization understands the need for a skilled and loyal workforce. In order to attract and retain top talent, many organizations offer innovative and creative employee benefit packages. It enhances an attractive salary and creates a niche for the employer. An organization that is aware of the dynamics of its workforce will be in step with the innovations in employee benefits. Technology, global workforcesRead MoreLearning Increase Future Employability Of Students753 Words   |  4 Pageschanging and educational institutions should consider how to adapt quickly in response. Some changes might include placing additional emphasis on developing skills such as critical thinking, analysis capabilities, integrating new-media literacy and the ability to collaborate and work in groups. This essay will briefly discuss how some skills being taught in inquiry based learning increase future employability of students. Critical Thinking Inquiry is a reaching stance of going beyond information andRead MoreIntegration Of Arts And The Arts798 Words   |  4 Pages The incorporation of music, movement, and the arts is critical to a young child’s learning, growth and development. Each of these creative arts allow children to make meaningful connections and retain the information being taught in the classroom. It also allows for children to focus more in the classroom and it improve their behavior as well. Multiple intelligences also play a role in music, movement, and the arts. By using these creative arts in the classroom, educators are able to adapt to children’sRead MoreExploratory Qualitative Research Paper1370 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent types of effective strategies for helping clients in reduction of anger. Some suggestions helping clients with reduction to anger are offered in the Qualitative Article titled Ten Creative Counseling Techniques for Helping Clients Deal with Anger Christine J. Sch immel and Ed Jacobs (2011) who mention how creative strategies may be helpful. Such strategies are cutting string to various lengths with short to long lengths, and an explanation of how a long string and short string could be the length

Assessment Of Risks In Offshore Outsourcing â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Advantages Of Outsourcing The Business Function? What Are The Disadvantages Of Outsourcing The Business Function? What Are The Roles Of Outsourcing The Business Function? Answers: Introduction In the global business scenario, the organization faces stiff competition and organizations make effort in all possible strategy to make their business stay lucrative and appropriate. Further, cost control is an essential aspect on the different manner to keep company incline, mean and well-built in their mission for accomplishing the specified goals and objectives. In addition, many initiatives have begun by the company to keep control on cost. In this way, outsourcing is a key phenomenon that is used by recent companies to control the cost. This way has increased their popularity in the existing business decades (Cavusgil, et. al., 2014). Outsourcing started as an organization when big American corporation has decided to get their ordinary job function from the third-party organization and other organization. Project Objectives The main of this project is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. There are certain objectives which will be used by researchers to meet the main aim of this project. It is as follows: To analyze the advantage of outsourcing business functions To evaluate the disadvantages of outsourcing business functions Project Scope Outsourcing is a business practice in which a job function, any form of work, and activity is delegated to another person and organization. It is begun to stay away from everyday job function but it has developed into a giant industry by itself. Outsourcing has seen as a business function apart from being an industry sector as it makes sense in given business scenario. For instance, a corporation may want to produce and sell specified products. But, it is not required that the same company produce the products in its residence nation in which cost of production can be very high as compared to producing in another nation (Schniederjans, et. al., 2015).This function also comes under the sort of outsourcing. Literature Review According to Petkov and Petkov (2017), outsourcing is a business practice which provides the benefits to the organization because it aids to give more emphasizes on their core capabilities as compared to wasting time, money and effort on everyday business activity yet it focuses on core task activities. There are large numbers of companies which engage in outsourcing as an activity because it helps them to save on the cost to a great extent. In favored to this, Abreu and Faoro (2017) demonstrated that customer care was not a central part of business function for these companies. Therefore, these companies outsourced this function from other corporations as the cost for the same business function can be less than half while this function was operated in Australia with Australian employees. Outsourcing has an impact on the different segments of the industry due to a distinct chain reaction. Therefore, the prime reason of starting outsourcing as the business function can save the cost. But, afterward, many reasons were recognized and more practices of companies were initiated to outsource. In the view of, Ketler and Walstrom (1993), cost saving is used as the primary benefit of outsourcing. It also provides different benefits. Further, management is making effort to emphasize on their prime competencies and other practices. As well as, routine job function are outsourced to other specialist companies who will do the job role as per the management. Moreover, Easy and necessary activities like building maintenance, factory maintenance, housekeeping and janitorial services cannot be core competencies of the certain company. Therefore it is outsourced from other vendors who can maintain these core capabilities. There can be a set of people who are outsourced for a core function and they can spend more time as well as efforts to maintain the resources. In the view of Abreu and Faoro (2017), outsourcing can be a prospect uncertainty that an organization exposes them. In opposition to this, it is definite that risk management proposals are commenced during outsourcing the function of the business. Along with this, there is always the risk of losing crucial information. It can be hazardous for business function when it exists in the financial sector then there could be the possibility of occurring substantial loss. Along with this, there is the possibility of losing critical information due to outsourcing. The same issue may exist while the operating function is outsourced. In this way, data is shared with the third organization as it can fall into wrong hands and can be distorted. As a result, it creates a different issue for the organization. Moreover, the company should make standard regarding operation process and it may imply to that vendor which undertaking the outsourcing (Dav, 2017). However, there is a possibility that busine ss function can deviate and a small amount of alteration can ruin the entire operation. Moreover, in this research, the gap is analyzed in the literature review. It can be evaluated that there is no depth analysis of outsourcing the business function. Further, secondary data is not sufficient to analyze the advantage and disadvantage of outsourcing the business function. Moreover, there is need to provide the benefits of outsourcing the business function with the perspectives of stakeholders. Research Design and Methodology The research design is effective to provide the relevant instruction to collect the information and evaluates the findings regarding research issue. There are certain types of research design that can be implemented by the researcher. These are qualitative and quantitative research design (Mackey and Gass, 2015). Qualitative research The researcher will use the following process for this research because it is significant to get the qualitative data in an appropriate manner (Glesne, 2015). Initially, a researcher will create the questionnaire of research in which question will be related to research issue. After that, it will choose the suitable subject and sites that will be appropriate to the topic. Afterward, a researcher will create the theoretical and conceptual outline to conduct the research and review the findings. These processes will be exercised by a researcher to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing the business function in Telstra telecommunication company, Australia (Brinkmann, 2014). Approaches to reliability and Validity The inductive approach will be exercised by the researcher for conducting this research because research topic is based on qualitative nature. The researcher will use this approach as it will enable them to generate more theories and concepts associated with research issue. As a result, this research approach will be appropriate to gain reliability and validity in findings of research. In opposed to this, a researcher will not use deductive approach due to no need to make a hypothesis (Flick, 2015). Sampling and Sample Size Sampling is a process of choosing the participants from targeted people to collect required data to meet the objectives of the research. Further, a research will use non-probability sampling method because research topic is based on qualitative nature. But, this sampling does not offer the identical chances to each participant. Although, this sampling method is not costly yet, it will take more time to make an open-ended questionnaire for an interview. For obtaining the qualitative data through the interview, 10 operation managers will be selected from Telstra telecommunication, company (Silverman, 2016). In this interview, the researcher will take opinion and views about the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing the business function in Telstra, Australia. Data Collection Method The primary information is first-handed information which is gathered by a researcher to obtain the reliable and valid result. This information will be collected by a researcher through different sources named experiment, observation, questionnaire, and survey. Through this, a researcher will able to obtain the data with respect to research issue hence it will improve the research quality. In addition, a researcher will use survey through questionnaire as it enables them to collect the huge facts and figures from targeted people (Smith, 2015). As well as, it provides the appropriate information which aids to accomplish the goals and objectives of the research. Variables Specifications For conducting this research, a researcher will use different kinds of variables like an independent and dependent variable. Further, the independent variable is outsourcing and the dependent variable impacts on the business function of Telstra, Australia (Gast, and Ledford, 2014). A researcher will use below procedure to obtain the quantitative outcomes: The above chart depicts that a researcher will generate the theory and creates the hypothesis at the initial level. Subsequently, the researcher will develop the design of research and creates the different aspects with respect to research issue. After that, a researcher will choose the relevant sites and select the significant subject matters. Later, data will be collected by a researcher and determines it via using different techniques. In the last step, researchers will estimate the findings to reach out the conclusion (Neuman, and Robson, 2014). Research Instrument Research instrument is an analysis method that will be formulated by a researcher to collect the data regarding research matter. Secondary information will be used by a researcher by using different sources. These data are already published in different journals and websites. Moreover, these sources can be a journal article, academic publication, offline and online websites, annual report, government publication and companys websites (Blumberg, et. al., 2014).For this research, these sources will be used by a researcher as it takes less time and cost. A researcher will use the below quantitative data analysis procedure: As per the above flowchart, it is demonstrated that initially data will be formulated by a researcher that is to be determined and chose the suitable data. Subsequently, a researcher will gain the knowledge regarding frequencies, mean as well as recoding practices. After that, data will be analyzed by a researcher through different methods like statistics, and crosstabs. Moreover, researchers will use MS-excel software to demonstrate the data via different pie charts, tables, and graphs. Subsequently, a researcher will interpret and evaluate the findings and give suggestions. Consequently, it will enable the researcher to accomplish the research aims and objectives in particular time period (Tarone, et. al., 2013). Sampling and Sample Size For quantitative assessment, probability sampling method will be used by a researcher as it provides the equal chances to their participants to give their views and opinion. Consequently, it is effective to reduce unfairness from survey through a questionnaire (Tuohy, et. al., 2013). A researcher will select approximately 50 employees who deal with outsourcing business function in Telstra Telecommunication Company in Australia. It would be significant for the researcher to obtain the valid and reliable result with less time because researcher will use a close-ended questionnaire for this survey through a questionnaire. Reliability and Validity of Data Validity shows the extent at which feasibility of different concept is analyzed in quantitative-based research. For example, survey through questionnaire will implement by the researcher to assess the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions. Another technique is reliability that can be used by a researcher to analyze the superiority of quantitative based research. The researcher will use identical research instrument to analyze the reliability of survey through questionnaire will be used (Maley et. al., 2015).These data will provide quantitative based findings as it will enable the researcher to meet the research aim and objectives in an appropriate manner. Research Limitations A researcher may face different issue while completing the research. These issues are insufficient expenses, resources and cost restraint. It can exist in data gathering procedure of research. In addition, there are certain limitations that can suffer by a researcher when obtaining survey through questionnaire like researcher will focus on the structure of questionnaire, and size of the sample. Furthermore, researchers will have accountability to protect the confidentiality of respondents such as personal data (Tarone, et. al., 2013).These limitations can influence the validity and reliability of research outcome. Time schedule From the above research schedule, it can be evaluated that obtaining survey through questionnaire and gathering information via secondary sources will take more time than the other activities that will be performed in this research study. Conclusion From the above interpretation, it can be concluded that there are different benefits of outsourcing the business function. But, at the same time, it is analyzed that there are certain disadvantages of outsourcing the business function. It can be evaluated that both qualitative and quantitative research design will be used by research to meet the research objectives. In the last, it can be concluded that this research will take 10 week to meet the objectives. References Abreu, M. de and Faoro, R. (2017) Guidelines for outsourcing and innovation of adoption in it and its relationship with strategic risks: the case of an,' Revista. Blumberg, B. F., Cooper, D. R., and Schindler, P. S. (2014)Business research methods. UK: McGraw-hill education. Brinkmann, S. (2014) Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). New York: Springer. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., and Rose, E. L. (2014)International business. Australia: Pearson. Dav, S. (2017) CALL CENTER NARRATIVE,' The Routledge Companion to Asian American Media. Flick, U. (2015)Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. USA: Sage. Gast, D. L., and Ledford, J. R. (Eds.). (2014)Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. UK: Routledge. Glesne, C. (2015)Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. UK: Pearson. Ketler, K. and Walstrom, J. (1993) The outsourcing decision,' International Journal of information management. Mackey, A., and Gass, S. M. (2015)Second language research: Methodology and design. UK: Routledge. Maley, J. F., Kowalkowski, C., Brege, S., and Biggemann, S. (2015) Outsourcing maintenance in complex process industries: Managing firm capabilities in lock-in effect.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,27(5), pp. 801-825. Neuman, W. L., and Robson, K. (2014)Basics of social research. Canada: Pearson. Petkov, D. and Petkova, O. (2017) An Assessment of Risks in Offshore Outsourcing of Information Technology,' Journal of Information Systems Applied Research. Schniederjans, M. J., Schniederjans, A. M., and Schniederjans, D. G. (2015)Outsourcing and insourcing in an international context. UK: Routledge. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016)Qualitative research. USA: Sage. Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015)Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. USA: Sage. Tarone, E. E., Gass, S. M., and Cohen, A. D. (Eds.). (2013)Research methodology in second-language acquisition. UK: Routledge. Tuohy, D., Cooney, A., Dowling, M., Murphy, K., and Sixsmith, J. (2013) an overview of interpretive phenomenology as a research methodology,Nurse Researcher,20(6), pp.17-20.

Virgil At Odds Essay Example For Students

Virgil At Odds Essay While on the surface the Aeneid could be seen as a Roman epic meant to glorify Rome and rival those of the ancient Greeks, the author was engaged in a struggle. Virgil had to satisfy the cultural demands of his work, the political demands of his time, and his own personal demands as an artist. In tackling his problem, Virgil is revealed to be slightly reluctant of embracing fully the still young regime of Octavian but still proud of Rome and his ancestry, and concerned with the moral issues of civil war. When considering the style with which Virgil composed the Aeneid, it is important to look at the time in which he lived and exactly what was going on around him when it was written. Virgil was born in 70 BC and died in 19 BC. This places him in the very beginning of what was to be a long and relatively stable existence of the Roman Empire. Further, it was during the poets lifetime that Rome made citizens of all Italians, allowing a huge community to share in Romes growing heritage. People who formerly may have felt like outcasts under the oppression of Rome could now call Rome their own. We will write a custom essay on Virgil At Odds specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This included Virgil because he came from a provincial Italian town far outside Rome. W. A. Camps cites that while Virgil was still a young man, his familys estates were confiscated by Caesar to be given to veterans of the battle of Philippi 1. Caesar was eventually assassinated and the next twenty years of the poets life are shaded by bloody struggles for power among heirs and military leaders. Eventually Caesars adopted son Octavian defeats Marc Antony and Cleopatras forces and brings all Rome under his rule, in about 30 BC. This is important because Virgil had been fond of Octavian, although it is not known if he publicly supported anyone during the conflict. It is known that Virgil came to enjoy first the friendship then the patronage of Octavian and his minister Maecenas, both of whom bestowed a small fortune upon him Freeman 389. While Virgil accepted their patronage he was still wary of capitulating the new emperor and sacrificing any integrity. Charles Freeman writes that Virgils contemporary, Horace also reflects these feelings. Octavian, now known as Caesar Augustus, took a liking to Horace just as he did Virgil, endowing him with gifts and money. Eventually Augustus asked Horace to be his secretary, and Horace refused, citing the need to protect his integrity as a poet. 391 Virgil felt great gratitude towards an emperor who vigorously supported the arts and brought the Empire much stability but at the same time faced a moral dilemma. Augustus was looking for a poet to write a national epic about him and his rise to power. In a letter Augustus wrote to Maecenas he says, If I had any talent for the heroic epic, Id not waste my time on stories from mythology . . . Id write about Caesars wars and achievements qtd. in Quinn 27. This sheds light on the morality issue Virgil faced as an artist. There were plenty of epic poets available in Rome at the time, and plenty were approached with this daunting task of writing an epic with Augustus as the hero. Nearly all declined, and even Virgil was reluctant. That says something about the attitudes of the poets of his time. They were not interested in art for arts sake. They wanted to create of their own accord something that came from within. Kenneth Quinn points out that they wrote with very high standards of integrity, and wrote not for widespread popularity of their works but for approval of their literary peers 30. Poets were writing of their own personalities; their own views and ideas of right and wrong. They were not to be leased out for purposes of glorifying Romes leader. In a widely known of reply to Augustus letter inquiring as to Virgils progress, the poet writes that he thinks he may have been out of his mind to have undertaken the task in the first place Freeman 387. .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .postImageUrl , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:hover , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:visited , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:active { border:0!important; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:active , .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80 .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3bcef06ed7c6b716128de3d054289f80:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greek and Roman Architecture essay exampleHe was obviously struggling to balance his need to satisfy himself artistically without sacrificing principle and simultaneously honor the emperor Augustus. As is obvious in the work, Virgil is unable to clearly conquer his moral problem, seeming to side-step it. He must focus on the historical epic, and glorify the emperor rather indirectly. This is exemplified in a Book II passage mentioning Iulius, son of Aeneas and source of the Julius Caesar lineage. A point on Iulius head seemed to cast light, a tongue of flame that touched but did not burn him, licking his fine hair, playing round his temples. 60-862 Virgil symbolically prop hesizes the greatness to come of his posterity. Again in Book IV the poet sings of the glory to come to Iulius and his heirs, as well as Rome. The god Mercury speaks to Aeneas, Think of the expectations of your heir, Iulius, to whom the Italian realm, the Land of Rome, are due 356-357. Aeneas is reminded of the glory of the future that is Rome and the role that his son would play. The poet, as earlier mentioned, was not a native of Rome. He first alludes to the Italian realm then to Rome herself, reflecting that newfound feeling of unity and nationality among Italians. In preparation for the war with Turnus, a magic shield brought to Aeneas by Venus depicts the future glories of Rome. Among the numerous drawings is one showing the victory at Actium. Augustus is leading the charge with flames flowing from his brow. Virgil then tells of Agrippa and Antonius being honored on the shield . Apart from reference to a flaming brow, they are honored in just the same fashion as Augustus Book VIII 90-106. Augustus is not alone in being accredited for the victory at Actium. The poet is careful to place his emperor above the other two naval leaders but not so far as to cheapen the contributions of Antonius and Agrippa, or give solely credit to Augustus. Virgil tends to be oblique in his reverence to Augustus, but it is rather unrealistic to expect the poet to have written such a work and completely leave out direct homage to the man bringing peace to the empire not to mention supporting the poet quite generously. Aeneas is before his father in the underworld when a clear prophecy honoring Augustus is relayed to him. Anchises declares this is the man, this one, Of whom so often you have heard the promise, Caesar Augustus, son of the deified, Who shall bring once again an Age of Gold To Latium 665-669. Virgil is symbolically honoring the Julio-Claudian line as it was called, or the descendants of Iulius. In acknowledging Augustus to be progeny of Aeneas, Virgil is again able to extol the emperor while skirting unashamed eminence. As was a budding tradition at the time, the emperors of post-Republic Rome were to be deified and worshipped as a god. Virgil stops short of this, but tells of a link in ancestry to the son of a God. The poet then prompts Anchises to sing more praise of Augustus, perhaps to overshadow the neglect to deify Augustus straightly. The truth is, even Alcides2 Never traversed so much of the earth. 679-680. He does not blatantly model his hero after the emperor however, and leaves nothing in the writing acknowledging this, it must be inferred. This takes the weight of his moral problem off of the authors shoulders and places the problem of solving it onto those of the reader. In grappling with the issue of civil war, Virgil is able to symbolize the dilemma of the victor. A fine description of just how symbolism is brought has Quinn quoting R. D. Williams. Symbolism is the poets way of suggesting different levels of significance at which his words may be taken, while allegory is the cruder method of equating. 55 Everyone in Rome knew or at least expected the Aeneid to glorify Augustus, but Virgil will simply not come out and say it. Both Augustus and Aeneas were not fighting hated enemies; they were fighting other Italians. .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .postImageUrl , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:hover , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:visited , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:active { border:0!important; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:active , .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737 .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e745406702c354b1758201df9228737:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Roman Architectures Are Considered One of the Best EssayBoth their causes were seen as just, hence the ends justify the means. This is a sensible route to take when trying to defend civil war. Virgil fulfills the expectation to produce a patriotic work, and ennobles Augustus and his victory at Actium, but provides a subtle and humane comment on the price paid, the fact that civil war was needed to attain stability, and the blood spilled was that of their own. He will not clean the hands of the victors, despite his support of their cause Highet 61. Marc Antony was not a hated man. He was the emperor of the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire. He lost popularity by allying himself with Cleopatra it is true but nonetheless he had legions of supporters. That brought a need for Virgil to show Augustus as a unifier, not so much for Augustus sake, but for the populace of the Empire. The poet sought to soften some of the bitterness of the conflict. By having Aeneas leave Dido despite the fact that he loves her, Virgil displays honor to duty above all, a classic element of Stoicismthe reigning philosophy of the Roman Republic/Empire. Perhaps he is likening the hero to Julius Caesar, who left Cleopatra when Rome called. That likeness at the same time leads us to frown upon Marc Antony and his failure to abandon the Egyptian queen. However, Dido is greatly pitied and is not painted as an enemy in the story. The hero encounters the slain queen in the Underworld and speaks to her I swear by heavens stars, by the high gods, By any certainty below the earth, I left your land against my will, my queen. The gods commands drove me to do their will.. Book VI 242-244. This loose attribution to the civil war just won by Augustus neatly places the sentiments of Romans to the plight of Marc Antony and his supporters. It likewise shows Virgils reluctance to chastise them as the enemy. The poet will not precisely identify Aeneas with any one man. As far as the heros exploits, refer to his manipulation of symbolism and see that he refuses to simply re-tell reality with the names changed. Virgils whole strategy was basically to leave inference to the reader, and never let any social pressures present at the time rear their heads in his work. His use of symbolism for the most part distorts any hope of a crystal-clear parallel. This stylizing of a lack of clarity could have roots in the poets past personal experiences with an Emperor. It was Caesar, after all, who appropriated the lavish villa of Virgils family many years before. This event undoubtedly instilled a sense of uncertainty in the poet concerning the autocrat. Virgil did not, however, bear any malice either. Be it out of his own Stoic influence or admiration for Augustus the man. Those background circumstances aside, the Aeneid is nothing short of an epic drenched in Roman and Italian pride. Rome saw itself as the light in a dark world. It was held that their civilization was the greatest since Athens in its heyday, and the poets conformed. The Iliad and Odyssey are oral tales that were handed down, arguably more the creation of legend than that of Homer. They could be deemed products of an entire society. The Aeneid was contrarily a singular voice, of one man alone. It was the product of an individual; free in a relative sense of the word. It lacked social constraints but still respected the ideals behind those very constraints.