Case Study on India China Infrastructure Free Essays

string(47) " monitoring and guiding policy implementation\." A Case Study, Overcoming Infrastructure Roadblocks: Are Chinese Lessons Relevant? This paper aims to document and analyse the different approaches in overall infrastructure sector performance for these two very different countries from the policy and institutional dimensions. It identifies factors that have worked in China and India. It also identifies some important lessons which could be relevant for future infrastructure development. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study on India China Infrastructure or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the last two decades, both India and China have grown at twice the global rate and If this trend continues for next few decades, with their vast labor supply, favorable demographics, and aspirations for reaching the developed world per capita income and consumption standards, these economies can be expected to have a significant impact on the world economy. China adopted a development model where manufacturing and exports are the key drivers of its economic performance. Related article: A. K. Kraipak Case Chinese government recognized that export competitiveness and manufacturing require connectivity to the global economy and, as a result, infrastructure development was propelled by a substantial and sustained drive supported by the government. The most remarkable common factor behind the success of infrastructure in China was the single-minded goal of sustaining economic growth and recognition of the importance of infrastructure development in achieving this goal. China’s unparalleled growth and poverty reduction in the last two decades has gone hand in hand with development of infrastructure stemming from its export-led strategy. India, the other â€Å"giant† in Asia, did not follow the suit of the successful this infrastructure model in building ahead of demand. Its development strategy from time to time focused on redistribution of wealth rather than growth. In the early 1980s, China was among the poorest nations in the world, with more than 60% of its population, or over 634 million people, living on less than $1 a day. By 1990, China reduced poverty to less than 33% and, by 2003, to 13. 4%. This was possible because of very high growth rates fueled by trade openness. India’s achievements on growth and poverty during the same period have been steady but relatively modest—the overall population living on less than $1 day declined from 54. 4% in 1980 to 42. 1% and 30. 7%, respectively, in 1990 and 2003. The total number of poor, however, remains high at over 325 million. To some extent, India’s overall performance was negatively influenced by the initial development model that emphasized import substitution and self-reliance, which was one of the contributing factors to its lack of trade openness for most of the period since independence. In the early fifties and sixties both countries had fairly similar levels of infrastructure assets and services. For example, China’s electricity output at 7. 3 billion kWh in 1952 compares well with India’s power output of 6. 3 billion kWh in 1950-51. The Indian road network in 1950s was extensive at 400,000 kms compared to about one third that in China and both countries, about 40% of roads were paved then. India’s railway network at 53,000 kms was more than double that of China at 23,000 kms. India and China had similar numbers of telephone subscribers [pic] Though most Indian planning policies have continued to emphasize the importance of Infrastructure, they did not embrace the Chinese single-minded goal of infrastructure development, anticipating future demand and building ahead of time. India’s development model, which began with a balance between growth and distribution in the early fifties, was changed in mid-course with a greater emphasis on redistribution during the critical period of growth. A number of pro-poor programs were introduced which reduced overall fiscal space for infrastructure development, even within infrastructure priorities, political interests drove the overall resource allocation, for example, in the 1970s and 1980s, government emphasized development of minor irrigation and rural roads as part of anti-poverty programs. Employment generation through construction of rural roads, and ground water and minor irrigation to support food security received much higher priority compared to need to enhance logistics to support industrial growth and improving overall economic efficiency. In five year plans a major goal was to connect all villages (with population of more than 1,500 inhabitants) with rural road network; however, this was done through â€Å"minimum needs program† supporting employment creation and leading to waste and inefficiency. Most of the roads thus created did not meet quality standards because fiscal space was not adequate to accommodate both the demand for resources for rural roads and also the national highway network which was getting congested. Even in the case of power sector, village electrification was a priority so as to provide power for the farms, but not necessarily to households. Emphasis on connectivity, without improvements in overall economic efficiency meant unsustainable financial burden on the government budgets. In the time of slower economic growth or external shocks such as wars and high oil prices, infrastructure investments were major casualty. China with its high economic growth rates and higher savings rates was able to allocate much larger resources for investments in general. In the 1980, China saved 35% of GDP whereas India’s savings rate was less than half at 15. 5%. This combined, with higher fiscal deficits in India, meant that it was not always possible to invest in infrastructure [pic] [pic] Planning Framework—Institutions, Processes, Incentives and Accountability Development planning in any country can follow two broad models—it can either be an integral part of the political decision-making process or it can be divorced from politics where technocrats keep a firm hold on the planning process as a matter of rational and efficient management. In China, planning followed the first model. The State Planning Committee (SPC), and its subsequent variants, have been and remain at the center of China’s political and economic affairs. The SPC sets the national policy agenda, makes important policy decisions, and even guides the lawmaking process to ensure that these decisions are implemented. Through a dual-track implementation system, its policy-making role also extends to closely monitoring and guiding policy implementation. You read "Case Study on India China Infrastructure" in category "Essay examples" Thus the Chinese planning institutions fully integrate political economy considerations in the process of designing and implementing development plans. In China, strong accountability for delivery of plans was embedded through powerful party structure and this has so far led to better economic outcomes in terms of growth and infrastructure development. The Indian planning process historically tended to be more technical than political. Although the Planning Commission, with the Prime Minister as the Chairman, had some institutional ties to the political decision-making process, the process has tended to be more technical in reality, captured at times by technocrats who wanted to ensure rational and managerial efficiency. The planning institutions in India at the national and state levels adopted a consultative process for the formulation of plans. Plan formulations for important sectors were undertaken by working groups with broad mandates and high levels of technical expertise. These working groups included not only representatives of the line ministries, but also financial sector, private sector, and academic institutions. This process of participation, however, worked well only in the initial phase of the preparation of formal plan documents. Most of the times, there was disconnect between targets and performance, plan and implementation, and demand for resources and actual availability of funds. As a result, in most years until recently, infrastructure projects were actually built on a piecemeal approach. Unlike the dual-track system in China, overall implementation in India has more often been divorced from the planning process. Similarly, policy-making too was fragmented where, for example, a number of policy reforms have been often decided by committees and working groups, without the Planning Commission always being in charge of the process of reform designs or action plans for implementation. India’s planning ability, widely regarded as world class, was not backed by underlying incentives and accountability systems in China that delivered better outcomes. Infrastructure Sector Reforms The planning framework for infrastructure was very different in China and India. Similar to their efforts in rural transformation and agricultural modernization, China was able to adopt a dual benefit infrastructure development policy—to build infrastructure that will promote economic growth and to build systems that directly target poverty reduction. The vast program of building expressways was complemented with several programs that would directly benefit the poor. Having a centralized political system with complete State control made it possible to take risks that would have been more difficult under alternate political paradigms. The political costs of direct dissent were relatively small, if not entirely absent in China. Until 1994, the Indian government did not have a comprehensive framework for infrastructure. Most of the government interventions were through large number of sector ministries and departments—Ministry of Finance, Planning Commission, Pricing bureaus, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), etc. Since there were so many actors, the entire spectrum of infrastructure functions, namely, planning and policy making, regulation, production, and supply tended to be dominated by public sector SOEs. The SOEs in these sectors had the skills and capabilities to influence important decisions; however, accountability structures were being weakened due to excessive interference by political â€Å"bosses†. Reforms in the Indian electricity sector have not been very successful, despite the fact that these were pursued more systematically with amendment of the Electricity Act in 1991, which allowed private sector participation and even 100% foreign ownership. This alone did not lead to real improvements on the ground until recently. Part of the problem lay in the lack of a credible regulator, partly due to a political setting that remained uncoordinated. The electricity sector in the Indian federal system remains on the â€Å"concurrent list,† implying responsibility for the sector by both the central government and the state governments. One of the most important factors that remained uncoordinated was the funding issue. A large number of states had followed the practice of subsidizing power for agriculture and, as a result, there was ambiguity regarding who was going to pay for the power. The financial status of most of the State Electricity Boards (SEB) was grim, with most experiencing large and unsustainable deficits. In the early 1990s, the rate of return on all SEBs combined was highly negative (-13. 5% of capital employed). Until 1998-99, private investments were allowed only in power generation in India. Private sector participation in power transmission was allowed but private sector participation in power distribution did not occur until 2003. Although many states have set up independent regulators that have been fairly effective, the fundamental issue of who pays for the subsidized power has remained an important challenge. Unlike India, however, China’s power sector reforms have been relatively more successful in terms of the level of foreign and private sector participation in reducing the funding gap. The foreign private sector was welcomed into China, not only due to the need to augment financial resources, but also for the needed manufacturing capacity to produce the power generating equipment for an ambitious capacity expansion program. Foreign direct investments (FDI) in China took various institutional forms such as joint ventures, build-operate-transfer (BOT) types of arrangements, equity joint ventures, loans, and equity in the existing energy enterprises. In 1996, the sector was further reformed under the new Electricity Law that created the State Power Corporation of China as an entity separate from the Ministry of Electric Power, thus signifying a first step to separating regulation from actual production and supply. Given the dual pricing system of â€Å"new plant, new price,† China’s power sector funding gap has not been as large as that of India. A majority of farmers in China believe this TO GET RICH, BUILD ROADS FIRST; TO GET RICH FAST, BUILD FAST ROADS saying. Numerous recent studies have demonstrated that the greatest effect on poverty reduction can come from investments in the transport sector, particularly roads. It has been shown that an efficient road network increases access to services and economic opportunities, facilitates domestic market integration, lowers the cost of production and transportation, and allows healthy competition both domestically and internationally. In addition to accessibility, the quality of the roads also plays an important role in economic development. Although China had a late start, its achievement in building an extensive national road network in the last two decades has been unprecedented. With almost 30,000 km of expressways, China is fast catching up with the U. S. , which has the world’s largest road network. China is adding 5,000 km of expressway every year, expecting to reach a level over 80,000 km by 2020. Before discussing the current state of the Indian road network, it is useful to touch upon three important trends that have significantly influenced the way in which road infrastructure has been developed and utilized in recent decades. First, there has been a gradual but persistent mode shift in India from rail to roads. In 1960, rail carried 85% of goods traffic and 51% of passenger traffic; by 2001, those percentages had declined to 23% and 13%, respectively. The vast majority of this demand appears to have shifted to the road system, which currently accounts for 70% of freight transport and 85% of passenger transport. Second, with rising GDP, demand for automotive and freight travel has grown rapidly and consistently. Third, despite the stunning growth in road transport demand, investment in new highway capacity has been anemic. These three trends, taken together, help explain the current state of the India’s road infrastructure, which is now both woefully underdeveloped and over-utilized. Even though the Indian road network as a whole is denser than that of China, its highway component is comparatively underdeveloped. Despite significant improvements since the establishment of the National Highway Administration of India (NHAI), in contrast, India’s existing national highway network is characterized by slow speeds, heavy congestion and low service levels. It is not only the Indian road network that has remained under-funded —almost all other infrastructure services remain, at present, far below the level required to sustain the economic growth needed to address pervasive poverty Important lessons learnt On Infrastructure development When it comes to roads, the important goals for future development of India’s road infrastructure are given as follows:- †¢ Upgrading the capacity and efficiency of existing infrastructure. †¢ Establishing total connectivity for an all-weather rural road network †¢ Developing a modally-balanced transport system, particularly in urban areas †¢ Contributing to a reduction in regional disparities †¢ Contributing to sub-regional economic cooperation †¢ Putting a much greater emphasis on safety In order to perform their tasks more effectively, these national, state, and local agencies must collectively overcome a number of structural challenges, many of which can only be solved through policy or institutional reform. At the broadest level, the most pressing issues fall under the categories of poorly defined bureaucratic structure/mission, insufficient accountability, poor asset/system management, and inadequate resource mobilization. These categories can be broken down into greater detail as follows: Poorly defined bureaucratic structure/mission †¢ Unclear or overlapping responsibilities, often with no agency in charge †¢ Multiple mandates including roads, buildings, and irrigation †¢ Absence of clear strategic goals, mission statements, performance indicators, or investment plans Insufficient accountability †¢ Failure to separate policy and operational roles for clear accountability †¢ Not enough consultation with road users †¢ Failure to report all relevant information Failure to impose sanctions on poor performance †¢ Absence of independent bodies to verify information and assess performance †¢ Inappropriate evaluation techniques that are merely input-based, focusing solely on accounting for expenditures against the budget. †¢ Taking into consideration the physical or operational conditions of the actual road network. Poor asset/system management †¢ Inadequate attention to data collection and analysis in decision-making †¢ Excessive focus on new investment vs. maintenance Uneconomical investments made under political influence †¢ Lack of competition in procurement †¢ Need for leaner staffing with greater skill-set diversification †¢ Declining investments in transport relative to GDP †¢ Input from private finance still very limited †¢ Need to make better use of user charges in the form of gas taxes or tolling Though these problems are daunting, agencies at various levels within the government have taken initial steps to address them in recent years. Within the central government, notable examples include: Increasing the level of public funding for transportation within the Five-Year Plans †¢ Creating the Central Road Fund (CRF) to finance road development and maintenance through an earmarked â€Å"cess† (tax) on diesel and gasoline †¢ Operationalizing the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) to act as an infrastructure procurer rather than a provider â € ¢ Establishing the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) to upgrade the nationals major highway routes †¢ Amending the National Highway Act to expedite land acquisition, permit private participation in road financing, and allow for the tolling of public roads In addition to standard techniques, such as the issuance of state- and federally-backed bonds, more innovative public-private partnership arrangements have also been developed. Examples include BOTs (build-operate-transfer contracts, in which a private partnership builds and operates a facility for a fixed number of years, recouping its expenses plus a reasonable profit through tolling, before transferring the facility back to the state) and other forms of maintenance and operations concessions. Though there is an overwhelming recognition of the contribution of infrastructure in modern economies, the links between infrastructure and economic growth and poverty reduction is neither certain nor automatic. Infrastructure development results in improvements in productivity and in overall quality of life but the impact is still contextual. A study prepared jointly by three major development institutions—the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), and the World Bank (WB)—advocated that it is not enough to examine impacts of infrastructure without broadening and deepening the definition of poverty and economic growth. In the study, the impacts of infrastructure are seen to occur at three levels—first, through facilitating economic growth; second, through improving quality of life; and, finally, through enhancing broader social and economic capabilities. Nevertheless, manufacturing and exports have proven to be key drivers to economic performance of less developed and developing countries. Infrastructure provides connections to the global economy that are crucial for export competitiveness and manufacturing. China used infrastructure as a policy instrument and active political tool to reduce poverty and trigger growth. The Chinese government had a strategic vision that was combined with a sustained drive toward economic growth, which resulted in unprecedented growth, poverty reduction, and gains in efficiency, but at a cost of increased inequality and great regional disparity. India started with a very rational approach of maintaining a balance between growth and distribution, but changed mid-course to a greater emphasis on redistribution. India learned the hard way that a greater emphasis on redistribution was not viable without robust and sustained growth. The resulting consequences were limited improvements in growth and poverty reduction with relatively little impact on income distribution. How to cite Case Study on India China Infrastructure, Free Case study samples

Analysis of Accounting Items for Telstra Corporation Limited

Question: Discuss about theAnalysis of Accounting Items for Telstra Corporation Limited. Answer: Introduction The accounting system of the company plays a very important role in the proper functioning of the company. For the purpose of the report Telstra Corporation Limited has been selected. To start with the study two accounting items Property plant and equipment and Intangibles has been selected from the annual report of the company. The accounting policies relating to these accounting items have been detailed along with the importance that both the items have on the financial position and financial performance of the company. After that the social impacts of these items have been discussed and the overall view of the company has been summarized from emphatic view. At the end the study is then concluded with the recommendations Accounting Items For the purpose of the study, two accounting items have been selected from the annual report of the company for the year endingn30th of June 2016. These are as follows: Property Plant and Equipment The company in the annual report has recorded the amount of $ 20581 million as the book value of the Property plant and equipment. As per Note number 3.1.2 of the annual report of the company Property plant and Equipment is recorded at the cost of purchase less the amount of the depreciation that has been accumulated over the years including the current year depreciation and the impairment loss if any (Company Official Website, 2016). Cost is identified as the cost of acquisition including the costs which can be directly allocated to the asset. The additions in the assets also include the borrowing costs which can be directly attributable to these assets (Assets, 2008). Intangibles The company has recorded the intangibles at the book value of $9229 million as on 30th of June 2016. As per Note number 3.2.2 of the annual report of the company Goodwill is recognized at cost on every business combination that the company made during the year. The cost is equivalent to the excess amount paid for acquisition of the business on the fair value of the assets of the company. The goodwill is not amortized but is tested for the loss of impairment at the end of every annual year or other frequent intervals. Other intangible assets which are internally generated like new Information technology software, etc are capitalized if the content of the costs includes the development costs. For instance, direct expense of the material involved, salary of the employees which can be directly associated with the asset so being developed and the interest cost comprising of loan if any taken. Specific disclosure has been made that any of the research expenditure if incurred shall be char ged to the statement of Profit and Loss Account. Other intangible assets like patents, etc. are valued at the cost which can be either will be the part of the business arrangement or the part of the individual acquisition. Importance and Impact Importance of Items These items have very important place in the financial statements of the company. Both the items represent the part of the net worth of the company. The higher the value of the property plant and equipment, the more will be the net worth of the company and which in turn will help in increasing the share price of the company. On the other hand the intangible shows the technologies that the company have and how much goodwill the company has been able to generate while engaging in the same line of the business. If these items are not present in the financial statement majorly property plant and equipment then no investor will decide to invest in the company (Steenkamp, and Kashyap, 2010). Impact On Financial Position And Financial Performance Both the items can give the material effect in the financial position and the financial performance of the company. Financial position is exhibited by the balance sheet of the company and financial performance of the company is depicted by the statement of the profit and loss. Following impact has been observed: Property Plant and Equipment This item gives the material effect in determining the financial position of the company in the sense that the if the value of the same is underestimated then the value of the company and the shareholder wealth will be decreased and in case it is overstated then not only the shareholders wealth will be increased but also the eyes of law will be affixed on the working of the company. Many collapses have been encountered due to wrong valuation of the assets (Abdul-Shukor, 2008). Intangible assets - If this item is undervalued then there will be wave in the market that the reputation of the company has been eroded and which in turn will hamper the financial position and the financial performance of the company (Barth, 2008). Social Impact The major social impact that has been observed in the positive sense is that the readers and the users of the financial statements of the company will have more insights of the working of the company and its adherence to social and environmental protection related laws and the compliance with the accounting standards and the governing law (Goodwin, 2006). Reflections Being the shareholder of the company, the company is performing well and has disclosed all the relevant information and the explanation that is required by the accounting standards and the relevant provisions of the corporations act, 2001. As the company has reported the earnings per share as 31.6 cents and the company has the growth in future therefore the company is the strong performer. Conclusion The Accounting items have been flowed throughout the report detailing their accounting treatment as per the policies listed in the annual, importance, impact on the position and performance of the company in the financial terms and impact on the society. The observations from the annual report have been given. In order to conclude, the report has specified that each accounting item have its own importance and shall be treated and dealt accordingly. References Abdul-Shukor, Z., 2008. The value relevance of intangibles non-current assets in different economic conditions.International Review of Business Research Papers,4(2), pp.316-337. Assets, I., 2008. Non-Current Assets.Group,30, p.2007. Barth, M.E. 2008. Revalued financial, tangible, and intangible assets: Associations with share prices and non-market-based value estimates.Journal of Accounting Research,36, pp.199-233. Company Official Website, (2016), Annual Report 2016, available at https://www.telstra.com.au accessed on 14/09/2017. Goodwin, J., 2006. Factors affecting the audit of revalued non?current assets: Initial public offerings and source reliability.Accounting Finance,36(2), pp.151-170. Steenkamp, N. and Kashyap, V., 2010. Importance and contribution of intangible assets: SME managers' perceptions.Journal of Intellectual Capital,11(3), pp.368-390.

Reason and language Essay Example For Students

Reason and language Essay She not only quits her jobs because she had had a lack of access to education, but she also makes the wrong decisions because she is so clueless about what is going on in the world that surrounds her. But she is not the only one who has to deal with this problem. A lack of access to education is one of the biggest problems in lower economically developed countries. Because they do not have sufficient schools, or schools at all, they are very likely to not know a lot. Another great characteristic of language is, that it enables us to pass down knowledge that our ancestors have had before us. What would we be for example, if we hadn’t had language to be able to build cars, housing, electricity and all the other vital things of everyday life? Nothing. I’m telling you. Nothing. Who knows, for the sake of god, we might still be living in forests, using bon fires to keep us warm, bathing in the river nearby, hunting deer, and riding horses for means of transport. But luckily, great people before us invented language. It began with sounds and noises, than a few word, and then way more than a whole dictionary can keep track of. Language is one of the biggest, or maybe even the biggest way of communicating. It is so unbelievably necessary, and its importance is increasing every day. Language does not control everything in life though. It would be possible to live without language, even if it would make life a lot more difficult and complicated. After all, isn’t it that a deaf, illiterate person can also know? Or a deaf and blind person? What is the use of our senses, if not to help us through life even if we have certain handicaps? Can you not taste the sweetest honey without language? Can you not feel the heet of the sun in the summer without language? Can you not smell the descent scent of a rose without language? Tell me, do you deny, that this is possible? But that is not all. Decades ago, when we were left without language, we used our body to communicate what we want. A kiss to show love and appreciation, a slap in the face to show disapproval and anger. We can understand people from other cultures, speaking a different language. This is all due to behaviour. How can you know anyway, that what you read, write and say is also what others read, write and hear? Have our senses not deceived us many times before? You can also gain knowledge through experience. We only know that fire is hot if we have touched it once and burned our fingers. Betrand Russell (1872-1970) once said, that ‘Most people rather die than think; in fact they do so. ’ This would mean that every human alive can think, and to think you need knowledge. This means, that without knowledge you cannot survive. Therefore, a small baby, it might even still by contained in its mother, must already have knowledge. If you cannot survive without knowledge, this means, that cells, and anything else that is alive must also have knowledge. It is impossible to know everything because there is too much information for you to remember and because there are simply too many things yet to be discovered. Knowledge has its limits, and these limits lead people to start believing. Not all ways of knowing are controlled by language, but they might be influenced by it. A person living without language can also know, which herewith proves, that language does not control all the other ways of knowing. 1. 249. .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 , .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 .postImageUrl , .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 , .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3:hover , .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3:visited , .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3:active { border:0!important; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3:active , .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3 .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6838f73e82a0d34136f790c66d137dd3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Danger in Trifles EssayWords ________________ http://de. wikipedia. org/wiki/Explizites_Wissen http://de. wikipedia. org/wiki/Implizites_Wissen.

Airborne Express 6 Essay Example

Airborne Express 6 Essay To: Robert Brazier Senior Management Team of Airborne Express From: Strategic Analyst Re: Recommendations and Implementations for recent issues in Airborne Express Executive Summary: Airborne Express has many options available for sustainable growth and success in the coming years. After the recent 29% increase in revenue over the past year, there are opportunities to take into consideration that will boost this growth for the fourth quarter. This company should join the â€Å"industry trend† of distance-based pricing. This will result in higher revenues, and will give Airborne Express a more substantial budget to merge with Roadway Package System in order to create a more technologically advanced tracking system. This will not only increase revenues, but will also gain customer support by offering a new service. Although the express-delivery industry is extremely difficult to differentiate, it is necessary for Airborne express to keep up with Federal Express and United Parcel Service to ensure they maintain a competitive advantage in the industry. While UPS is experiencing a strike, Airborne Express should take advantage of the distance-based pricing and possibly gain customers of UPS who saw RPS as a luxury service. Mission of Airborne Express: After the recent UPS strike, Airborne Express has experienced substantial financial results of a revenue increase of 29% over the previous year. The main concern for Airborne Express now is to recognize how secure their position currently is held in the industry. There are several ways to measure the success of this company, and I have found it most useful to use Porter’s Five Forces Model to analyze the options. We will write a custom essay sample on Airborne Express 6 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Airborne Express 6 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Airborne Express 6 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I have focused mainly on whether or not Airborne Express should follow the path of their major competitors, UPS and Federal Express, and move toward distance-based pricing. Also, the approach that Airborne Express takes with the international market needs to be taken into consideration with a â€Å"variable-cost approach†. The Roadway Package System (RPS) partnership should be further analyzed and possibly made into a more concrete operation. Marketing, technology, and employee satisfaction should also be considered for the future success of this company. By focusing on distance-based pricing, maintaining international operations at a variable-cost approach, and forming more of an existent relationship with RPS, it will lead to a definitive strategy to sustain the competitive advantage of Airborne Express. Environmental Scanning of Airborne Express: Rivalry: This industry consists of 3 major companies, including Airborne Express, Federal Express, and UPS. The prices between UPS and Federal Express cause severe competition between these companies. Revenue growth has been unstable within each company due to decreasing prices in order to reach the top of the competition. Innovations in this industry remain minimal, and they are easily copied by other players in the industry. This makes differentiating a difficult task, especially for Airborne Express. By using the competitors as guinea pigs, it will make it almost impossible to ever overcome it’s key competitors. Because the products are priced extremely low in this industry, producing return is based merely on a high volume of sales. It seems as if since 1990, when UPS and Federal Express began â€Å"price wars†, the attractiveness to this industry has declined. Supplier Power: Lower industry attraction has also been a result of the main suppliers of this industry, the employees. The recent strike at UPS was caused by the employees demanding higher wages and benefits. The next most important supplier in this industry is airports, followed by fuel. These both are factors that this industry has little to no control over. Clearly, technology and other equipment supply a great deal to the express mail industry, and these factors are capable of being negotiated. Threat of Substitutes: When dealing with this industry, there are minimal substitutes at stake. Fortunately, people will continue to demand express deliveries. E-mailing could possibly have a small effect on this industry, but this is not an option for most deliverable items, as well as legal documents. Depending on the urgency of a package being delivered, regular mailing systems propose a small threat on this industry. It obviously costs less, but it doesn’t compare at all to the convenience of express delivery services. Buyer Power: The major consumers in this industry are basically anyone who intends on sending a package or letter to someone urgently or with the most convenience. It seems as if businesses use this industry the most, considering the importance of delivering and receiving products and other necessities to keep a company stable and on top of their game. Because there is barely any differentiation in this industry, it allows customers to easily shop around for the best prices. This raises price sensitivity and gives the consumer more customer power. Barriers to Entry: The threat of new entries in this industry is equally low as the threat of substitutes. There are few major players involved here, and it shows that for a new one to even exist they would need to have the capability of covering a large amount of cities in the United States. In order to have a main convenient center of business, as well as aircraft and an extensive amount of vehicles calls for a high capital investment. This would be extremely difficult for any new entries to be accountable for and would take years of hard work and sustainability to achieve economies of scale in this industry. Strategy Formulation: Given the information from the environmental scan, I find that it is most beneficial to begin following UPS and Federal Express with a distance-based pricing method. This will unfortunately increase prices, but it can be made up for with decreasing costs to the company by increasing the relationship with Roadway Package System. Airborne Express can set prices so that their margins will increase. To decrease costs for the company, a long-term relationship can be formed with RPS. By merging with this company, Airborne Express can create a much more convenient tracking system for the customers. RPS can give Airborne Express a competitive advantage by allowing them to establish more efficient pricing methods. I feel as if Airborne Express should continue the variable-cost approach with international shipments, and I agree with the senior officers that â€Å"there are no significant service advantages which would justify the operation of [our] own aircraft on international routes. A possibility for growth in Airborne Express would be to boost their technologies, such as updating the Internet site. Currently it does not offer as many functions as those of UPS and Federal Express, and I feel as if the use of the internet to schedule pickups and/or create shipping paperwork will be in demand in the coming years with advancing technologies. Considering Airborne employees described t he company as â€Å"strait-laced†, â€Å"frugal†, and â€Å"very conservative†, it would be beneficial to ensure that the middle-management is offered proper compensation to increase employee turnover in the future. Strategy Implementation: In order to maintain a competitive advantage in Airborne Express, following the distance-based pricing method will include increasing prices for longer distance deliveries and decreasing them for shorter distances. This will not only give Airborne Express a great opportunity to increase their margins, but they will not lose many customers in the process. This new form of pricing is considered an industry trend to consumers. Federal Express and UPS both have been successful with this method, and as mentioned earlier there is not much differentiation between these competitors. Even by implementing this method, Airborne Express can still maintain the lowest costs in their industry. By increasing prices at one end more than decreasing prices at another end, some amount of margin growth will occur. The fact that Airborne Express is a â€Å"low-cost strategy† company does show that they simply charge lower prices, but they have not developed a lower cost structure because it has extremely low margins. Although they hold a specific reputation with lower prices than their competitors, the distance-based pricing method also could lead to higher revenues that they seem to be missing out on. The company would be able to produce a higher profit from longer-distance deliveries. By forming a more concrete relationship with RPS, I feel that Airborne Express will be capable of offering their customers superior information and tracking systems. If they plan on increasing prices, it is necessary to offer customers some form of incentive or â€Å"willingness to pay†. Higher revenues will be expected if a relationship is built with RPS, considering a higher quality service will be provided. This could possibly take away market share from UPS. Because of the large amount of ground shipments made with Airborne Express, RPS can attract more customers and boost the margins for the company over the coming years. Airborne Express will not be able to differentiate itself in this industry, but I feel that if it is unable to do so, the only other option would be to keep up with it’s competitors as much as possible. In doing so, they should begin by re-formatting the company website and upgrading it to allow customers to perform the same tasks as those on the sites of UPS and Federal Express. Technology will only continue to enhance in the future, and people will begin demanding these kinds of advancements. It is also necessary that advertising in the mass media should be taken into consideration in the near future. Although Airborne Express was the first company in the industry to accommodate early deliveries, now each of its competitors is capable of an 8 A. M. delivery. Customer needs are important to maintaining a competitive advantage in this industry, so I feel as if Airborne Express should expand their marketing. Before anything I find it most necessary to move on to distance-based pricing and forming a more concrete relationship with RPS. With the new tracking system, middle-management will need to be trained properly to work with the computers and new technology. Offering middle-management, those who are not part of a union, enhanced pay rates will hopefully give Airborne a better reputation with their employees and they will feel properly compensated for their new tasks. Evaluation and Control: For the upcoming fourth quarter, Airborne Express should join the industry with distance-based pricing; they will produce even higher revenues than those of the third quarter. The attached graph I have compiled is based on the latest revenue per shipment given at $8. 25 in 2006. At first, without this current flat-rate price system, it looks as if revenues will be under $8. 25 if the distance is less than 150 miles. I have shown that with distance less than 150 miles, revenue will be about $2. 00 less. This doesn’t ean the company is losing revenue, because when the distance exceeds 150 miles the revenue begins to increase heavily. The slight loss with shipments of less distance will easily be made up for and revenues will almost double with shipments with a longer distance. I also found that it would be beneficial to add an extra rate for â€Å"Remote Locations†. These locations can be Airborne’s decision, and could consist of particular locations that propose d ifficulty shipping to. For example, a small city which does not have a major shipping hub could be considered a Remote Location. The rate can range anywhere from $20 to $30. This rate would clearly increase revenue, and would offer customers the advantage of shipping their package to any location in the country. This would be appealing to consumers, because they would still use Airborne Express for their local shipments, and it would save them money in the end. Building a more concrete relationship with RPS will enable Airborne Express to have a more convenient tracking system for the customers. The RPS partnership is crucial to the future of this company. The cost to build on a tracking system will be minimal, and will only consist of a small portion of the extra revenue created by the new distance-based pricing system and â€Å"Remote Location† rate. This new system will allow Airborne Express to take advantage of the current main concern for their company, which I consider the tracking system. Having extra funds to merge with RPS will place Airborne Express in a concrete position with the technological future. In order to run the new tracking system properly it will be necessary to employ people who are capable of using these technologies. This could possibly require higher pay rates to middle management. These pay rates will also be reflected on the implementation of the distance-based pricing system revenues. In the end, the loss with giving higher compensations will be beneficial for the future success of the company. With these recommendations and implementations, Airborne Express will have no problem keeping up with the two â€Å"900-pound gorillas† in the industry and will maintain sustainable growth in the future. Bibliography â€Å"Airborne Express. † Rivkin, Jan W. Case No. 9-798-070. Published 02/05/1998, Revised 5/23/2007. Harvard Business School Publishing, (23 pages). [pic] Airborne Express 6 Essay Example Airborne Express 6 Essay To: Robert Brazier Senior Management Team of Airborne Express From: Strategic Analyst Re: Recommendations and Implementations for recent issues in Airborne Express Executive Summary: Airborne Express has many options available for sustainable growth and success in the coming years. After the recent 29% increase in revenue over the past year, there are opportunities to take into consideration that will boost this growth for the fourth quarter. This company should join the â€Å"industry trend† of distance-based pricing. This will result in higher revenues, and will give Airborne Express a more substantial budget to merge with Roadway Package System in order to create a more technologically advanced tracking system. This will not only increase revenues, but will also gain customer support by offering a new service. Although the express-delivery industry is extremely difficult to differentiate, it is necessary for Airborne express to keep up with Federal Express and United Parcel Service to ensure they maintain a competitive advantage in the industry. While UPS is experiencing a strike, Airborne Express should take advantage of the distance-based pricing and possibly gain customers of UPS who saw RPS as a luxury service. Mission of Airborne Express: After the recent UPS strike, Airborne Express has experienced substantial financial results of a revenue increase of 29% over the previous year. The main concern for Airborne Express now is to recognize how secure their position currently is held in the industry. There are several ways to measure the success of this company, and I have found it most useful to use Porter’s Five Forces Model to analyze the options. We will write a custom essay sample on Airborne Express 6 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Airborne Express 6 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Airborne Express 6 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I have focused mainly on whether or not Airborne Express should follow the path of their major competitors, UPS and Federal Express, and move toward distance-based pricing. Also, the approach that Airborne Express takes with the international market needs to be taken into consideration with a â€Å"variable-cost approach†. The Roadway Package System (RPS) partnership should be further analyzed and possibly made into a more concrete operation. Marketing, technology, and employee satisfaction should also be considered for the future success of this company. By focusing on distance-based pricing, maintaining international operations at a variable-cost approach, and forming more of an existent relationship with RPS, it will lead to a definitive strategy to sustain the competitive advantage of Airborne Express. Environmental Scanning of Airborne Express: Rivalry: This industry consists of 3 major companies, including Airborne Express, Federal Express, and UPS. The prices between UPS and Federal Express cause severe competition between these companies. Revenue growth has been unstable within each company due to decreasing prices in order to reach the top of the competition. Innovations in this industry remain minimal, and they are easily copied by other players in the industry. This makes differentiating a difficult task, especially for Airborne Express. By using the competitors as guinea pigs, it will make it almost impossible to ever overcome it’s key competitors. Because the products are priced extremely low in this industry, producing return is based merely on a high volume of sales. It seems as if since 1990, when UPS and Federal Express began â€Å"price wars†, the attractiveness to this industry has declined. Supplier Power: Lower industry attraction has also been a result of the main suppliers of this industry, the employees. The recent strike at UPS was caused by the employees demanding higher wages and benefits. The next most important supplier in this industry is airports, followed by fuel. These both are factors that this industry has little to no control over. Clearly, technology and other equipment supply a great deal to the express mail industry, and these factors are capable of being negotiated. Threat of Substitutes: When dealing with this industry, there are minimal substitutes at stake. Fortunately, people will continue to demand express deliveries. E-mailing could possibly have a small effect on this industry, but this is not an option for most deliverable items, as well as legal documents. Depending on the urgency of a package being delivered, regular mailing systems propose a small threat on this industry. It obviously costs less, but it doesn’t compare at all to the convenience of express delivery services. Buyer Power: The major consumers in this industry are basically anyone who intends on sending a package or letter to someone urgently or with the most convenience. It seems as if businesses use this industry the most, considering the importance of delivering and receiving products and other necessities to keep a company stable and on top of their game. Because there is barely any differentiation in this industry, it allows customers to easily shop around for the best prices. This raises price sensitivity and gives the consumer more customer power. Barriers to Entry: The threat of new entries in this industry is equally low as the threat of substitutes. There are few major players involved here, and it shows that for a new one to even exist they would need to have the capability of covering a large amount of cities in the United States. In order to have a main convenient center of business, as well as aircraft and an extensive amount of vehicles calls for a high capital investment. This would be extremely difficult for any new entries to be accountable for and would take years of hard work and sustainability to achieve economies of scale in this industry. Strategy Formulation: Given the information from the environmental scan, I find that it is most beneficial to begin following UPS and Federal Express with a distance-based pricing method. This will unfortunately increase prices, but it can be made up for with decreasing costs to the company by increasing the relationship with Roadway Package System. Airborne Express can set prices so that their margins will increase. To decrease costs for the company, a long-term relationship can be formed with RPS. By merging with this company, Airborne Express can create a much more convenient tracking system for the customers. RPS can give Airborne Express a competitive advantage by allowing them to establish more efficient pricing methods. I feel as if Airborne Express should continue the variable-cost approach with international shipments, and I agree with the senior officers that â€Å"there are no significant service advantages which would justify the operation of [our] own aircraft on international routes. A possibility for growth in Airborne Express would be to boost their technologies, such as updating the Internet site. Currently it does not offer as many functions as those of UPS and Federal Express, and I feel as if the use of the internet to schedule pickups and/or create shipping paperwork will be in demand in the coming years with advancing technologies. Considering Airborne employees described t he company as â€Å"strait-laced†, â€Å"frugal†, and â€Å"very conservative†, it would be beneficial to ensure that the middle-management is offered proper compensation to increase employee turnover in the future. Strategy Implementation: In order to maintain a competitive advantage in Airborne Express, following the distance-based pricing method will include increasing prices for longer distance deliveries and decreasing them for shorter distances. This will not only give Airborne Express a great opportunity to increase their margins, but they will not lose many customers in the process. This new form of pricing is considered an industry trend to consumers. Federal Express and UPS both have been successful with this method, and as mentioned earlier there is not much differentiation between these competitors. Even by implementing this method, Airborne Express can still maintain the lowest costs in their industry. By increasing prices at one end more than decreasing prices at another end, some amount of margin growth will occur. The fact that Airborne Express is a â€Å"low-cost strategy† company does show that they simply charge lower prices, but they have not developed a lower cost structure because it has extremely low margins. Although they hold a specific reputation with lower prices than their competitors, the distance-based pricing method also could lead to higher revenues that they seem to be missing out on. The company would be able to produce a higher profit from longer-distance deliveries. By forming a more concrete relationship with RPS, I feel that Airborne Express will be capable of offering their customers superior information and tracking systems. If they plan on increasing prices, it is necessary to offer customers some form of incentive or â€Å"willingness to pay†. Higher revenues will be expected if a relationship is built with RPS, considering a higher quality service will be provided. This could possibly take away market share from UPS. Because of the large amount of ground shipments made with Airborne Express, RPS can attract more customers and boost the margins for the company over the coming years. Airborne Express will not be able to differentiate itself in this industry, but I feel that if it is unable to do so, the only other option would be to keep up with it’s competitors as much as possible. In doing so, they should begin by re-formatting the company website and upgrading it to allow customers to perform the same tasks as those on the sites of UPS and Federal Express. Technology will only continue to enhance in the future, and people will begin demanding these kinds of advancements. It is also necessary that advertising in the mass media should be taken into consideration in the near future. Although Airborne Express was the first company in the industry to accommodate early deliveries, now each of its competitors is capable of an 8 A. M. delivery. Customer needs are important to maintaining a competitive advantage in this industry, so I feel as if Airborne Express should expand their marketing. Before anything I find it most necessary to move on to distance-based pricing and forming a more concrete relationship with RPS. With the new tracking system, middle-management will need to be trained properly to work with the computers and new technology. Offering middle-management, those who are not part of a union, enhanced pay rates will hopefully give Airborne a better reputation with their employees and they will feel properly compensated for their new tasks. Evaluation and Control: For the upcoming fourth quarter, Airborne Express should join the industry with distance-based pricing; they will produce even higher revenues than those of the third quarter. The attached graph I have compiled is based on the latest revenue per shipment given at $8. 25 in 2006. At first, without this current flat-rate price system, it looks as if revenues will be under $8. 25 if the distance is less than 150 miles. I have shown that with distance less than 150 miles, revenue will be about $2. 00 less. This doesn’t ean the company is losing revenue, because when the distance exceeds 150 miles the revenue begins to increase heavily. The slight loss with shipments of less distance will easily be made up for and revenues will almost double with shipments with a longer distance. I also found that it would be beneficial to add an extra rate for â€Å"Remote Locations†. These locations can be Airborne’s decision, and could consist of particular locations that propose d ifficulty shipping to. For example, a small city which does not have a major shipping hub could be considered a Remote Location. The rate can range anywhere from $20 to $30. This rate would clearly increase revenue, and would offer customers the advantage of shipping their package to any location in the country. This would be appealing to consumers, because they would still use Airborne Express for their local shipments, and it would save them money in the end. Building a more concrete relationship with RPS will enable Airborne Express to have a more convenient tracking system for the customers. The RPS partnership is crucial to the future of this company. The cost to build on a tracking system will be minimal, and will only consist of a small portion of the extra revenue created by the new distance-based pricing system and â€Å"Remote Location† rate. This new system will allow Airborne Express to take advantage of the current main concern for their company, which I consider the tracking system. Having extra funds to merge with RPS will place Airborne Express in a concrete position with the technological future. In order to run the new tracking system properly it will be necessary to employ people who are capable of using these technologies. This could possibly require higher pay rates to middle management. These pay rates will also be reflected on the implementation of the distance-based pricing system revenues. In the end, the loss with giving higher compensations will be beneficial for the future success of the company. With these recommendations and implementations, Airborne Express will have no problem keeping up with the two â€Å"900-pound gorillas† in the industry and will maintain sustainable growth in the future. Bibliography â€Å"Airborne Express. † Rivkin, Jan W. Case No. 9-798-070. Published 02/05/1998, Revised 5/23/2007. Harvard Business School Publishing, (23 pages). [pic]

3 More Cases of Dangling Modifiers

3 More Cases of Dangling Modifiers 3 More Cases of Dangling Modifiers 3 More Cases of Dangling Modifiers By Mark Nichol In each of the sentences below, the subject of the main clause is not logically associated with the subordinate clause, so the former must be recast to begin with the noun or pronoun in the sentence that the latter applies to, or the sentence must be revised so that a subject that pertains to the additional information provided at the head of the sentence replaces the inapt noun or pronoun. Discussion following each example explains the unsuitably of the existing subject, and revisions demonstrate how the sentences can be repaired. 1. Broken by unresolved trauma, the apocalypse is slowly wearing her down. The person referred to, not the apocalypse, is broken by unresolved trauma, so she must be the subject of the main clause: â€Å"Broken by unresolved trauma, she is slowly being worn down by the apocalypse.† 2. As a valued customer of World Wide Wickets, we would like to extend an invitation to you to view some exclusive deals on our products. Because we is the first word that follows the subordinate clause, the erroneous implication is that the entity self-described as â€Å"we† is a valued customer of the company, so the sentence must be recast to place the entity â€Å"you† in that role; the â€Å"we† can safely be omitted: â€Å"As a valued customer of World Wide Wickets, you are cordially invited to view some exclusive deals on our products.† 3. Appearing on the cover of Time magazine in 1994, tales of his exploits on the job turned him into a local legend. This sentence implies that tales of a person’s exploits appeared on the cover of the magazine, but it was he himself who appeared on the cover, and the role of the tales in turning him into a local legend is a separate matter: â€Å"He appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1994, and tales of his exploits on the job turned him into a local legend.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†The Parts of a Word7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

2013 consuming fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

2013 consuming fashion - Essay Example The period around the late 70s and the early 80 witnessed a number of technological innovations key among which were in the sector of communication including the advent of the use of the internet. The technological developments therefore influenced the lifestyles of these people affecting their childhood thus their adulthood later in old age (Espinoza, 2012). The generation Y population is synonymously referred to as the millennium generation owing to the timing of the inception of the term around the millennium. Culture plays a big role in the formulation of a person’s lifestyle and that of the society. Culture refers to a society’s way of life, this includes the manner in which the people in the society dress, eat and worship. A society on the other hand refers to a group of people habiting a single geographical region. The use of the internet and other advanced commination gadgets succeeded in making the world a global village. This implies that every part of the wor ld became readily accessible by overcoming the geographical barriers. By redefining the society, the internet and the associated communication development influenced people’s understanding of cultures thus resulting in most people adopting new trends while abandon unfavorable behavior. Culture is never static and the more people interact with one another the more they adopt new likes and preferences thus changing their entire cultural understanding (Espinoza & Mick, 2010). Demographics & psychographics of the generation Y Based on their overreliance on technology and with the formation of a global village, the generation Y has no geographical barriers and exist all through the world. They are disintegrated into smaller groups with each group having its specific preferences. The members of this generation have no defining factor but are all unique from one another yet they share the media content. Their solitary lifestyles thus influences their consumption of the media content making the develop unique personalities and shopping patterns. Furthermore, the have abundant media content which provides them with a variety to choose from. The main defining characteristic of the generation Y population arises from the interactive nature of the new communication developments. This population is dynamic and very specific with their preferences a feature that influences their purchasing patterns. The internet brings the whole world together thereby expanding the market, this makes the population have an array of choices to make. It thus becomes difficult to have a presumption on the preference of this population especially in relation to their purchasing pattern. Kotler et al, (2010) asserts that this population is commonly referred to as toy children. This implies that in their childhood, members of this generation played a lot with toys a feature that influenced their development. The population consists of highly enlightened population owing to the fact that th eir parents most of who belonged to the generation X had a bit of enlightenment and therefore sought academic enlightenment for their children (Iacobucci, 2012). The less physically active childhood and the enlightened adulthood contribute to the lifestyle and therefore the purchasing pattern of the generation. peer pressure contributes the personalities that people acquire later in life, this generation experiences little f peer pressure owing to the independent lifestyles of their parents and the subsequent freedom deposited to them by education and exposure. Members of this generation therefore made selection of their friendships depending on their likes and preferences natured from their childhood. Twenge, (2006) explains that members of this g

The Guardian of Every Other Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Guardian of Every Other Right - Essay Example Property ownership is a complex and a serious issue all over the world. In United States also, it is considered as a serious issue. There are few controversies on this issue from the beginning. From the beginning means that from the colonial rule to the present day, the ownership of land is though to be a controversial and contentious issue. The book deals with the subject very thoroughly and gives an overview of the laws, ideologies and politics involve in this issue. And also the political and economical change that occurs due to the land and property issue and how these changes affect the constitution and the thoughts behind the constitution. The write provided a clear and comprehensive view about the historical prospective of the property rights issue. How these property right issues were resolved in the colonial rule and also in the democratic issues. According to Ely, there is a link between the private property rights and the political scenario or the political autonomy, because these issues cannot be resolved without the help of government. Government must interfere with people and public to make their contracts and to put some conditions before the transfer of any property. The laws and private contracts were modified as the US society and politics became modernized and industrialized. The writer highlighted and explained the constitutional standing and laws over the property issues. The constitution does provide some rules and rights over the property owners. As US got industrialized, the laws and legal developments were made during 1990's. The writer focused his attention and gave his views about those property rights which were provided legally to the property owners. He discussed in detail about the judicial decisions and the important legislations that took place in 1990's regarding the property rights. The decisions that were taken by the legislators and the explanations which were further made on the same regard, all are discussed by the writer. The writer himself seems to have a lot of knowledge about the legislations and laws for property rights. The writer's knowledge and comprehension about the subject plays an important role in any book. Writer can explain and express his ideas in a better way if he/she holds a command over the subject. Ely tells about the legal developments and enhancements made during the last era over the property rights. Supreme Court paid special attention to the issue and tried to introduce some amendments in the law so that public can easily go through these cases. The main emphasis was to cut this process shorten so that the time and money of people could be saved. Due to Supreme Courts final decisions in some cases, people felt the need of some laws or amendments in the previous laws for the protection of property and also the property owners. This came under the Fifth Amendment. The important thing over here is that the role of Federal Authority was examined and public became curious that what the Federal Authority has to do with these laws and what is their stance over the issue. Their role was examined mainly in context of commerce clause and also the noticeable advancements made at the state level. The book gave a clear picture and a complete knowledge about the history and innovations in the property laws under the Constitution. The information is provided over